paths 2 stage Flashcards
with this we can transform and know our environment
rational capacity
science responsible for the specialized language of human
linguistics, factual science that use logic
language is
socially and historically construed
set of sounds words or signs that express thoughts and ideas
language
mental process that occurs due to intellect and rationality
thought
thoughts can be translated into
linguistic structures
a thought is produced as a
response to need to find an explanation or solve a problem
the process by which thoughts are produced
reasoning
most complex mental operation since it implies the coherent relation between two judgements to obtain a new judgement as a conclusion
reasoning
expressed linguistically in the form of arguments
reasoning makes us able
to structure and order ideas
elements that make up the structure of thought
concept judgement and reasoning
the mental representation of an object
concept
simplest element of thought
its linguistic expression is words
how is done the formation of concepts
through a process called abstraction
complex mental operation that enunciates the relationship between two or more concepts
judgement
its linguistic expression is the proposition
reasoning is based on
knowledge or direct experience, coherence of data and ideas
the process of reasoning
inference
the object of study of logic
argumentation and arguments
premisses
propositions that offer reasons, justify and lead to the conclusion
conclusion
general proposition followed by the premisses
mention 3 logical indicators of premisses
due to
because
well
since
mention 3 logical indicators of conclusion
hence
therefore
consequently
the act of relating two or more propositions that leads to a conclusion
inferring
inductive inference
we start from various observations made about the same fact so that the conclusion can be generalized to all cases
deductive inference
leads to necessary conclusions, part of the facts and absolute sceurity
deductive inference is valid if
the premisses fully support the conclusion and its invalid if it is not supported
principle of identity
affirms that what it is, is. every statement is identical to itself
principle of non- contradiction
affirms that is imposible that a propistion is true and false at the same time. nothing can be and not be at the same time
principle of excluded middle (third excluded)
tells us that by having two statements that contradict each other necessarily one of them must be false
principle of sufficient reason
to decide that a premiss is true or false is necessary to have reasons to support such a decision
who proposed the syllogism
aristotle in greece
terms that compose the syllogistic reasoning
major premiss
minor premiss
middle term
conclusion
major premiss
where is the predicate of the conclusion or major term (p) generally this premiss is presented first
minor premiss
where is the subject of the conclusion or minor term (s)
middle term
it serves as a comparison between both premises, however it does not go to the conclusion (m)
conclusion (syllogism)
where the relation between S and P is established
types of misleading reasoning where there is no logical relationship between premises and conclusion
fallacies
who say that fallacies can be psychologically persuasive
Irving Copi
attack to a person fallacy
referring to any condition of the person who issues an opinion and ignoring the content of what he says
i believe juan defends marriage between people of the same sex just because he is homosexual
appeal to popularity fallcy
it happens when we seek to support our arguments in popular opinions and not because of the confidence that are right
everyone in my town thinks that raising animals to fight is not immoral
false generalization fallacy
consists in generalizing from very few observed cases
petition of principle fallacy
one of the premises is again and again established as a conclusion
appeal to force fallacy
consist of the use of force to impose a vision or opinion.
appeal to emotions fallacy
this fallacy seeks to expose feelings or pity
appeal to ignorance fallacy
when we offer ignorance to evade responsability
appeal to authority fallacy
when the idea is not analyzed but is taken for granted because an authority says it.
order of the timeline
prehistory antiquity middle ages renaissance modern age contemporary age XX and XXi centuries
