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Cardiovascular System > Pathophysiology of Thrombosis and Embolism > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of Thrombosis and Embolism Flashcards

1
Q

Give 3 factors affecting the vascular system

A
  • pressure gradient
  • resistance
  • viscosity of blood
  • velocity
  • compliance
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2
Q

Are muscular arteries more or less compliant than elastic arteries?

A

Less compliant

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3
Q

What kind of flow is normal blood flow?

A

Laminar

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4
Q

What is stasis?

A

Stagnation of blood flow

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5
Q

Give 3 examples of when stasis might occur

A
  • in cardiac failure
  • post-operative
  • post long-haul flights
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6
Q

What is turbulent blood flow?

A

Forceful, unpredictable blood flow

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7
Q

What kind of blood flow would be most likely to occur following the protrusion of an atheromatous plaque into the lumen of a blood vessel?

A

Turbulent

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8
Q

What form of hypoxia might cause hyper-viscosity?

A

Chronic hypoxia

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9
Q

What is vaculitis?

A

Inflammation of a blood vessel wall

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10
Q

What is caused by vascular steal?

A

Retrograde blood flow through vertebral artery due to subclavian artery obstruction

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11
Q

Other than thromboembolism, give 3 causes of defects in blood flow

A
  • atheroma
  • hyperviscosity
  • spasm
  • external compression
  • vasculitis
  • vascular steal
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12
Q

What is Virchow’s triad?

A

Three broad categories of factors that cause thrombosis

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13
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A solid mass formed from constituents of blood within the vascular system during life

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14
Q

What is the first step in the pathogenesis of thrombosis?

A

Endothelial injury

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15
Q

What is the most important risk factor for developing thrombosis?

A

Hypercholesterolaemia

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16
Q

What is caused by turbulent flow when there is already an atheromatous plaque present in the vessel?

A

More loss of surface so more area exposed for thrombus formation
Thrombus may break off and travel elsewhere

17
Q

What three features of the blood/blood vessels are changed in the pathogenesis of thrombosis?

A
  • vessel wall
  • blood constituents
  • blood flow
18
Q

Give 3 factors on which the consequences of thrombosis depend

A
  • site of thrombus
  • extent of thrombus
  • collateral circulation
19
Q

Give 3 common clinical scenarios resulting from thrombosis

A
  • deep venous thrombosis
  • limb ischaemia
  • myocardial infarction
20
Q

What are the possible outcomes of thrombosis?

A
  • Resolution (without medical intervention)
  • Organisation/Recanalisation
  • Death
  • Propagation leading to embolism
21
Q

What is an embolus?

A

A detatched intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass

22
Q

Give 3 sources of systemic/arterial thromboembolus

A
  • mural thrombus
  • aortic aneurysms
  • atheromatous plaque
  • valvular vegetations
23
Q

A systemic thromboembolus usually causes infarction, however what 3 factors does this depend on?

A
  • vulnerability of affected tissues to ischaemia
  • calibre of occluded vessel
  • collateral circulation
24
Q

What is the most common form of thromboembolic disease and from where does this originate?

A

Venous thromboembolus

Originates from deep venous thromboses

25
Q

Venous thromboemboli travel to what circulation?

A

Pulmonary arterial circulation

26
Q

Give four consequences of pulmonary thromboembolism

A
  • pulmonary haemorrhage
  • pulmonary infarction
  • right heart failure
  • sudden death
27
Q

What would be caused by multiple pulmonary embolisms over time if the pulmonary emboli were small enough not to cause sudden death?

A

Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure

28
Q

Give 5 risk factors for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism

A
  • cardiac failure
  • post-operative/post-partum patients
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • disseminated malignancy
  • oral contraceptive pill
  • increased risk with increased age
  • immobilisation
  • obesity
  • past medical history of DVT
29
Q

When would a fat embolus occur?

A

After major trauma/fractures

30
Q

What 3 organs are most commonly affected by fat embolus?

A

Brain, kidneys, skin

31
Q

When would a gas embolus commonly occur?

A

In decompression sickness in divers, nitrogen forms as bubbles which lodge in capillaries due to rapid decompression

32
Q

Where/when would an air embolus occur?

A
  • head and neck wounds
  • surgery
  • central venous lines
33
Q

What is the major risk factor of tumour emboli?

A

Tumour emboli may be a method of metastasis, emboli break off and leave metastatic deposits elsewhere

34
Q

What kind of embolus can occur in pregnant women?

A

Trophoblast embolism

35
Q

Give a condition in which a septic material embolism might occur?

A

Infective endocarditis

36
Q

What would an amniotic fluid embolus in the circulation cause?

A

Collapse and/or death

37
Q

What kind of embolism might occur following a fracture?

A

Bone marrow embolism

38
Q

Give two causes of foreign body embolism

A
  • intravascular cannula tips

- sutures

Cardiovascular System (14 decks)

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