pathophysiology of congestion and oedema

Question 1

Explain congestive heart failure.

Answer 1

heart unable to clear blood in right and left ventricles.
1. decreases cardio output
2. decrease glomerular filtration rate
3. increase fluid in body

Question 2

List the causes of vascular congestion.

Answer 2

blood backs up in veins, decreased outflow of blood, decreased pressure gradient, decrease flow in system so no oxygen

Question 3

Describe the Starling forces affecting fluid movement across the capillaries.

Answer 3

upsetting any of the starling forces causes oedema

Question 4

Recognise how disturbances in these forces can cause oedema.

Question 5

exudate

Answer 5

Part of inflammatory process due to increase in vascular permeability.
Leads to tumour, inflammation, allergy
higher protein content/ albumin content

Question 6

transudate

Answer 6

Alterations in hamody namic forces which act across capillary all
Not much protein
cardiac failure and fluid overload

Question 7

hepatic cirrhosis

Answer 7

Results from serious liver damage. Regenerating liver forms nodules of hepatocytes
Loss of normal architecture
Portal blood flow blocked- congestion
Risk of haemorrhage

Question 7

hepatic cirrhosis

Answer 7

Results from serious liver damage. Regenerating liver forms nodules of hepatocytes
Loss of normal architecture
Portal blood flow blocked- congestion
Risk of haemorrhage

Question 8

pathophysiology of pulmonary oedema

Answer 8

hydrostatic pressure- transudate left ventricular failure- Increase left atrial pressure
increase pulmonary vascular pressure
increase pulmonary blood volume

Question 9

pathophysiology of peripheral oedema

Answer 9

Right heart failure – cannot empty RV in systole
Blood retained in systemic veins  P in capillaries   filtration  peripheral oedema

Question 9

pathophysiology of peripheral oedema

Answer 9

Right heart failure – cannot empty RV in systole
Blood retained in systemic veins increase Pressure in capillaries increase filtration leads to peripheral oedema

Question 10

Pathophysiology of oedema in abnormal renal function

Answer 10

Abnormal renal function results in Salt (NaCl) and H2O retention
Secondary in heart failure - reduced renal blood flow
Primary: acute tubular damage eg hypotension
decreased renal function is the result of both

Question 11

Pathophysiology of permeability oedema

Answer 11

Endothelial Permeability - exudate
Damage to endothelial lining increases “pores” in membrane leads to (osmotic reflection coefficient of endothelium) decrease towards zero
Proteins and larger molecules can leak out (not just H2O)
e.g. acute inflammation such as pneumonia