Pathophysiology and Oncology Flashcards
different types of stressors on cells
-mechanical
-chemical
-enviornmental
(for pathological as well)
what is different about pathological compared to a stressor?
pathological is not something that is easy to adapt to
give an example of mechanical for stressor and pathological
stressor: friction (the formation of a callus from working out)
pathological: trauma/pressure change
give an example of chemical for stressor and pathological
stressor: products of metabolic process
pathological: multitude of substances lead to injury
give an example of environmental for stressor and pathological
stressor: change in temperature
pathological: hypoxic damage, infectious, immunological
what are principal adaptive responses?
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- atrophy
- metaplasia
why does the body adapt
- it does so to lead to a new stead state
- wants to preserve the viability and function
- possibility of reversible state
hypertrophy
increased cell size
-common in elite athletes to have increased size of cells in the heart which means cells from and can cause issues with blood ejection
hyperplasia
increase the number of cells (fat gain or building a callus)
atrophy
decreased cell size (they can even disappear)
metaplasia
cells become a different cell type
-when you have repeated acid reflux then the epithelial cells change to look more like the lining of the stomach
injury
cell is unable to adapt and has receives a damaging stimuli
what leads to irreversible injury
persistent damage or stress leads to cell death
what is a common effect of irreversible
- cell death
- types: necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy
necrosis
- uncontrolled
- this is the bad type
- would not be good to have this in the pancreas because has enzymes to release to help break down and absorb the nutrients
apoptosis
programmed cell death
autophagy
controlled cell death
Cellular Senescense
- aging
- caused by many things
- accumulation of cellular damage
what can happen with cell damage to cause aging
-can cause:
reduced replicative ability
reduced damage repair ability
and can target intracellular targets
dysplasia
abnormal development of cells/tissues (this is often the precancerous stage)
cytology
a branch of pathological medicine that focuses on comparing what regular cells look like to a sample from a patient to see if there is signs of something wrong
name some characteristics of cancer:
- high proliferative rate
- invasion of the immune system
- angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels for nutrients)
what are some causes of cancer
- inherited
- aging
- outside agents (drugs, treatment, infection)
Malignant characteristics
- hyperplasia
- evaision of adjacent tissue
- invasion of immune system
- metastasis (growth in distant tissue)
proto-oncogene
- involved with growth, differentiation and division
- can be affected by loss or gain of function
tumor suppressor gene
-involved in proliferation, DNA repair, and apoptosis
what are some effects on the host from cancer
- there is a disruption:
- in tissue location and function
- functional activity of tissue
- bleeding, inflammation and infection
- loss of body fat, energy, weight
