Pathophysiology and Oncology

Question 1

different types of stressors on cells

Answer 1

-mechanical
-chemical
-enviornmental
(for pathological as well)

Question 2

what is different about pathological compared to a stressor?

Answer 2

pathological is not something that is easy to adapt to

Question 3

give an example of mechanical for stressor and pathological

Answer 3

stressor: friction (the formation of a callus from working out)
pathological: trauma/pressure change

Question 4

give an example of chemical for stressor and pathological

Answer 4

stressor: products of metabolic process
pathological: multitude of substances lead to injury

Question 5

give an example of environmental for stressor and pathological

Answer 5

stressor: change in temperature
pathological: hypoxic damage, infectious, immunological

Question 6

what are principal adaptive responses?

Answer 6

• hypertrophy
• hyperplasia
• atrophy
• metaplasia

Question 7

why does the body adapt

Answer 7

• it does so to lead to a new stead state
• wants to preserve the viability and function
• possibility of reversible state

Question 8

hypertrophy

Answer 8

increased cell size
-common in elite athletes to have increased size of cells in the heart which means cells from and can cause issues with blood ejection

Question 9

hyperplasia

Answer 9

increase the number of cells (fat gain or building a callus)

Question 10

atrophy

Answer 10

decreased cell size (they can even disappear)

Question 11

metaplasia

Answer 11

cells become a different cell type

-when you have repeated acid reflux then the epithelial cells change to look more like the lining of the stomach

Question 12

injury

Answer 12

cell is unable to adapt and has receives a damaging stimuli

Question 13

what leads to irreversible injury

Answer 13

persistent damage or stress leads to cell death

Question 14

what is a common effect of irreversible

Answer 14

• cell death

- types: necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy

Question 15

necrosis

Answer 15

• uncontrolled
• this is the bad type
• would not be good to have this in the pancreas because has enzymes to release to help break down and absorb the nutrients

Question 16

apoptosis

Answer 16

programmed cell death

Question 17

autophagy

Answer 17

controlled cell death

Question 18

Cellular Senescense

Answer 18

• aging
• caused by many things
• accumulation of cellular damage

Question 19

what can happen with cell damage to cause aging

Answer 19

-can cause:
reduced replicative ability
reduced damage repair ability
and can target intracellular targets

Question 20

dysplasia

Answer 20

abnormal development of cells/tissues (this is often the precancerous stage)

Question 21

cytology

Answer 21

a branch of pathological medicine that focuses on comparing what regular cells look like to a sample from a patient to see if there is signs of something wrong

Question 22

name some characteristics of cancer:

Answer 22

• high proliferative rate
• invasion of the immune system
• angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels for nutrients)

Question 23

what are some causes of cancer

Answer 23

• inherited
• aging
• outside agents (drugs, treatment, infection)

Question 24

Malignant characteristics

Answer 24

• hyperplasia
• evaision of adjacent tissue
• invasion of immune system
• metastasis (growth in distant tissue)

Question 25

proto-oncogene

Answer 25

• involved with growth, differentiation and division

- can be affected by loss or gain of function

Question 26

tumor suppressor gene

Answer 26

-involved in proliferation, DNA repair, and apoptosis

Question 27

what are some effects on the host from cancer

Answer 27

• there is a disruption:
• in tissue location and function
• functional activity of tissue
• bleeding, inflammation and infection
• loss of body fat, energy, weight