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Human Health and Disease > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest part of the brain

A
  • cerebrum

- it has two hemispheres

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2
Q

cerebrum

A
  • intellectual function (memory, speech and language, complex perception, judgment)
  • interpretation of sensory experiences (touch, pain, vibration, position, heat, cold, hearing)
  • control of motor functions
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3
Q

cerebellum

A
  • small brain
  • movement and control center
  • has many connections with the cerebrum and the spinal cord
  • ipsilateral referent innervations
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4
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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5
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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6
Q

which group of people is it common to have an injury to the cerebellum

A

-alcoholics (they will have this distinct way of walking)

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7
Q

the brain stem

A

rely info from the cerebrum to the spinal cord and the cerebellum and vice versa

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8
Q

what autonomic centers are in the brain stem

A
  • breathing
  • consciousness
  • control of body temperature
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9
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs of them

- they arise from the brain stem and innervate the head (mostly)

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10
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes around the brain

  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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11
Q

Dura Mater

A

-this is the hard outer layer
-leather like consistency
the tough elastic bag that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

arachnoid mater

A

this has a consistency resembling a spider web

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13
Q

what is between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

A

brain fluid

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14
Q

the ventricular system

A

the fluid filled caverns and canals inside the brain constitute the ventricular system
(this is the fluid that an infection would be present in if someone has meningitis)

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15
Q

the spinal cord

A
  • encased in the bony vertebral column
  • very compact at the cervical level
  • spinal nerves exit the spinal cord through notches between each vertebra of the vertebral column
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16
Q

describe a spinal nerve

A
  • composed of two roots dorsal and ventral)
  • dorsal root (back) is sensory (afferent to the brain)
  • the ventral root (front) is somatic to the brain (efferernt)
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17
Q

what are the five sections of the spinal column

A
  • cervical
    -thoracic
    -lumbar
    -sacrum
    -coccygis
    all of them are incased in strongwomen ligaments
18
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

there are two types:

  • somatic
  • visceral (the autonomic functions that the body does that you don’t need to think about Ex. digestion, innervation of internal organs, glands, blood vessels)
19
Q

somatic PNS

A

spinal nerves that innervate the skin, joints, and muscles that are under voluntary control

20
Q

somatic motor neurons

A
  • command muscle contraction
  • the cell bodies if the motor neurons lie within the CNS and the axons are mostly in the PNS
  • they have a ventral root
21
Q

somatic sensory neurons

A
  • innervate and collect info from the skin, muscles, and joins
  • cell bodies are outside the CNS
  • dorsal roots
22
Q

Which nervous system controls the flight or fight/ rest and digest

A

this is the Visceral PNS

23
Q

what is it referring to when it says first or second neurons

A

the first neuron is located in the brain and then goes out and is able to modulate a second neuron that is then controlling something
-THEY ARE BOTH EFFERENT

24
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion

A

this causes:

  • decreased or lack of strength and motor control
  • changes in muscle tone (will be hypotonic at first and then get hypertonic
  • increased reflex arch
  • will have spasticity (will cause slight loss of muscle tone to to less use of muscles
25
Q

lower motor neuron lesions

A
  • fasciculations
  • paralysis
  • decreased strength
  • atrophy due to loss of innervation
  • decreased or absent reflex
26
Q

fasciculations

A

twitches in muscles and cause content movement

27
Q

what are some important things to know about the spinal cord

A
  • different functions are placed at different parts of the spine
  • motor pathways change sides
  • sensory pathways do not change sides
  • pain and temp change sides of at the level where they exit
28
Q

complete spinal cord lesions

A

loss of all somatic, sensory and automatic function at the level and below where the lesion occurred

29
Q

incomplete spinal cord injuries

A
  • less specific symptoms

- depending upon where the damage is located and how much damage occurred

30
Q

central cord syndrome

A

loss of motor function and sensation in the upper extremities

31
Q

brown- sequared syndrome

A

damage to half of the spinal cord
-causes ipsilateral weakness or paralysis to one side of the body and then contralaterial loss of sensation (temp/pain) to the other side of the body

32
Q

what is something that is lost ipsilaterally with brown squared syndrome

A

you lose proprioception which is the ability to close your eye and recognize and know where you hands are (or other body parts)

33
Q

anterior spinal cord syndrome

A
  • this is damage to 2/3 of the spinal cord
  • caused by ischemia o the anterior spinal artery
  • loss of motor function, pain, temp sensation
  • loss of autonomic function –> hypotension
34
Q

ischemia

A

inadequate blood supply

35
Q

spinal shock

A
  • this occurs in both 1st and 2nd neurons
  • acute paralysis, loss of reflexes
  • lasting hours to weeks
  • caused by trauma or ischemia to the spinal cord
  • will gradually regain sensation
36
Q

cauda equine syndrome

A
  • something in the spine is compressing it and causing them to lose feeling (could be a slipped disk or a tumor or stenosis[calcification of the cord making it smaller and most likely will be an older patient)
  • emergency CAT/MRI and emergency surgery
37
Q

what are potential effects of cauda equine syndrome?

A
  • loss of bladder function (cannot urininate)
  • loss of splinter function with fecal incontinence
  • focal symptom from legs
  • loss of sensation in the shorts area
38
Q

localized spinal injury or compression

A

lesser and sometimes localized symptoms

39
Q

what are below injuries referring to?

A

-things that are lost below the spinal cord injury due to lack of connection through the nerves
-examples:
loss of sweating
loss of temp regulation
failing regulation of circulation
hypotension
bradycardia
orthostatic hypotension
loss of bowel and badder reflexes

40
Q

pia mater

A

a thin membrane that adheres closely to the surface of the brain
-separated from the arachnoid by fluid filled space

Human Health and Disease (11 decks)

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