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Human Health and Disease > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

infectious Disease

A

those that rapidly spread between hosts and are caused by organisms called pathogens

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2
Q

virus

A
  • contains a hard protein shell, DNA or RNA and a protective outer covering (they inject the host and hijack cells)
  • the simplest form of pathogen
  • attack specific things
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3
Q

how do bacteria spread

A
  • infect hosts by spreading indiscriminately

- bacteria are sometimes not what is dangerous, it is the toxin the bacteria creates

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4
Q

Direct vs Indirect

A
  • droplet/ fluids/ airborne
  • Physical contact: Shaking hands/Touching surface that is infected (indirect)
  • Bodily fluids: Blood/ Saliva
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5
Q

Routes of Entry

A
  • gross: airways, eyes, skin, urinary tract etc.
  • microscopic: cell membrane component (transporters or proteins to allow entry into the cell)
  • Target tissue can be specific for pathogenic oragnism
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6
Q

Zoonotic Disease

A

transfer between animals and humans

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7
Q

vector borne

A
  • animals

- droplets of fluids

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8
Q

nosocomial

A
  • hospital acquired disease
  • ex. a common one is pneumonia, people are bed ridden and they are more susceptible
  • ex. Urinary tract infections because of catheters
  • ex. IV line is a classic one because it is a direct line to blood
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9
Q

latrogenic

A

transmission by medical treatment

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10
Q

epidemiology

A

the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence,

distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

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11
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases

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12
Q

prevalence

A

number of sick (infected)

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13
Q

endemic

A

disease prevalence in area

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14
Q

epidemic

A

rise in disease incidence in

a specific area (higher frequency then expected)

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15
Q

Pandemic

A

wide geographical spread of disease affecting large

population

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16
Q

Acute

A
  • something that is happening right now but will be over in a couple of weeks
    ex. cold/ influenza
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17
Q

chronic

A
  • Something with you for a long time or for the rest of your live
    ex. HIV
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18
Q

Virulent

A

level of pathogenicity that an organism has

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19
Q

prions

A

proteins that lead to cleavage cascades that lead to neurodegenerative lesions in CNS (sometimes not considered one but it is also sometimes considered)
ex. mad cow disease

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20
Q

infectious agents (4+1)

A
  • prions
  • virus
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • parasites
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21
Q

virus

A

-These are very small things
-Classification of viruses:
Based on if DNA/RNA is double or single stranded
-These need a host to reproduce, they take over the host machinery
-They need a mode of entry
-Lytic/Lysogenic life phases
-Treatment:
• Antiviral drugs

22
Q

Lysogenic

A

virus integrates DNA into the host cells

-because of a stimulus, expression begins and can cause more viruses to be produced.

23
Q

lytic

A

uncontrolled production of viruses that leads to cell membrane breaking up

24
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotes (no nucleus)
  • Main Types:
    • Gram pos (ex. Staphylococcus sp.)
      - Cell walls have huge peptidoglycans
    • Gram neg (ex. E.coli)
    • Others
      • Spirochetes -borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease
      • Mycoplasma tuberculosis
  • Some species produce toxins and create spores
    - Spores allow for them to wait for environment to be habitable and then can re rise again
  • Treatment:
    • antibiotics
25
Q

Fungi

A
  • Eukaryotic (have a nucleus)
    • These are more related to humans because of this
  • Yeast/molds main human antagonists
  • Rare infections indicative of immunosuppression
    - Ex. HIV going to AIDS
  • Treatment:
    • antifungal
26
Q

Parasites

A

-Protozoans: unicellular eukaryotes
-Helminths: worms
-Arthropods: ex. Insects/mites
-Antiparasitic drugs
• Depends on the organism

27
Q

Why is it important to be careful around parasites and curing them?

A

Great care due to eukaryotic nature because they are more similar to the human cells of the person taking it so we don’t want to cause issues in those cells

28
Q

Things to look for with inflammation

A
  1. pain
  2. redness
  3. warmth
  4. swelling
  5. Loss of function
29
Q

what you are looking for when checking for Signs and symptoms of Infection:

A
  • physical examination: this will often be tip to toe
    - general: fever, vitals (blood pressure, pulse, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate)
    - focused: other organ systems, pus/discharge, malodorous material, lesions, pain tenderness, lymph nodes/swollen, signs of inflammation
30
Q

what is a red flag for meningitis

A

neck rigidity or light sensitivity

31
Q

why do you want a working diagnosis?

A

this is because some patients can be very complicated, for example the eldery

32
Q

How do we measure the degree of infections?

A

ABCDE

  • airway
  • breathing
  • circulation
  • disability
  • exposure
33
Q

workup for infection:

A
  • degree of infection (ABCDE)
  • arterial blood gas(Can get a lot of interesting things and allows for a lot of information on patient)
  • blood work (check for CRPs, WBC etc)
  • visual aids (MRI, CT, ultrasound)
34
Q

what do you need before giving antibiotics

A

Blood work because can look at what is going on and check for CRPs, WBC, thrombocytes

35
Q

C reactive Proteins

A
  • this rises when you have an infection

- these are produced by the liver

36
Q

Principles of management/treatment of infectious disease

A
  • degree of treatment: (conservative vs aggressive)
  • timeframe: Short term vs Long term
  • drugs: antibiotics, pain relief, organ specific treatment
37
Q

treatment for infectious diseases

A
  • Antibiotics - remember samples for lab work up!
  • Hydration - IV fluids (hypovolemic patient)
  • Vaccines
  • IVIG (Intravenous immunoglobulin)
  • Symptomatic/infectious agent treatment
38
Q

Fever

A
  • 38°C measured rectally (37,5 – 38,0°C subfebrile)
  • Should not exceed 41,1 °C in infections
  • > 42 °C is life threatening due to organ damage and dysfunction of e.g. proteins
39
Q

Why does a fever happen?

A
  • Maybe to kill the infection so its not in its natural habitat
  • Could also be seen as an activator that turns things on
  • Evolutionally it shows body to be on alert
40
Q

Sepsis

A
  • Life threatening condition characterized by organ dysfunction due to dysregulated host response to infections
  • Can lead to septic shock (low blood pressure due to extravasation of liquids)
41
Q

SIRS criteria

A

(systemic inflammatory response syndrome)
Assessment of possible severe systemic infection
-you need 2 of the following:
• >38C,<36C
• Pulse > 90
• RF (resp. freq.) > 20
• Leukocytes/WBC > 12E9/L, <4E9/L

42
Q

SOFA

A

(Sepsis-related/sequential organ failure assessment)

• Assessment of organ (dys)function (CNS, lungs, circulation, liver, kidneys, coagulation)

43
Q

Pneumonia

A

Infection involving alveola (distal part) of the lung
• Most common in children + elderly
• Highest freq. during Winter
• Incidents: ca. 5 per 1000 capita per year

44
Q

what causes Pneumonia

A
  • Bacteria, virus, funghi (immunodeficient pt.)

* Community acquired, hospital acquired (e.g. ventilation), aspiration, immunocompromised

45
Q

predisposing factors for Pneumonia

A
  • Smoking
  • Old age
  • Cough dysfunction
  • Neurological dysfunction
  • Alcohol dependence
  • Heart disease
  • COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/disorder)
  • Cystic fibrosis
46
Q

CURB-65

A

this is apredicting if death is going to happen for a patient with ammonia

47
Q

differential diagnosis for pneumonia

A

COPD, asthma, bronkitis

48
Q

typical presentation of pneumonia

A

-cough, exasperate, fever, pain, dyspnea

49
Q

workup for pneumonia

A
  • blood work
  • chest x ray
  • check microbiology for a culture of LUT
  • check antibodies
50
Q

treatment for pneumonia

A
  • antibiotics
  • fluids and oxygen
  • symptomatic treatment (pain medications, enhancers of respiratory functions)

Human Health and Disease (11 decks)

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