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Human Health and Disease > Hematology 1 > Flashcards

Hematology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hematology and Medicine

A

-it is a specialty in internal medicine
-deals with diseases of the blood/forming units
FINISH

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2
Q

common components of blood

A
  • RBC,Platelets,WBC
  • after a centrifuge the hematocrit (RBC) is at the bottom, the plasma will be the top and the buffy coat (platelets and WBC) are in the middle
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3
Q

The functions of blood

A
  1. respiration (transport of O2 and CO2)
  2. nutrition (transport of ingested nutrients)
  3. transportation of waste products
  4. Transport of heat (heating and cooling)
  5. Acid-base balance
  6. Water balance
  7. Thermoregulation
  8. Immunity
  9. Transport of hormones (signals), vitamins and trace elements
  10. Hemocoagulation (hemostasis)
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4
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

blood cell development

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5
Q

what does differentiation refer to in hematopoiese

A

the process of cell development from origin into specific types of cells

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6
Q

proliferation

A

the increase of cell number (cell division)

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7
Q

potency

A

ability of cell/tissue to develop into other branches of tissues/cell types

  • totipotent
  • pluripotent
  • mulipotent
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8
Q

totipotent

A
  • this is a zygote or fertilized eggs
  • can become three germ layers and the placenta
  • asically can give rise to any cell type
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9
Q

pluripotent

A
  • embryonic stem cells

- basically able to give rise to several cell types

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10
Q

multipotent

A
  • adult type stem cells in skin, blood, and gut
  • these can be made from all three germ layers
  • have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into multiple specialised cell types present in a specific tissue or organ
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11
Q

organs involved in blood function and disease

A
  • bone marrow
  • spleen
  • lymphatic tissue
  • liver
  • thymus
  • others
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12
Q

describe erthrocytes (RBC)

A
  • biconcave disc (7.8 micrometer diameter and 2.6 micrometer thick)
  • no nucleus
  • they have a life span of 120 days
  • highly deformable (can pass through capillaries)
  • contain hemoglobin for gas exchange
  • help maintain acid base balance
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13
Q

platelets (thrombocytes)

A
  • ten day lifespan (even shorter when removed from body)
  • made from megakaryocytic
  • they survey the blood vessels and are in contact with the vessel walls due to RBC pressure
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14
Q

what happens when Platelets get acticated

A
  • this leads to blood clot formation

- can take anticoagulants (a antithrombotic medicine) to inhibit function

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15
Q

what would a hematologic patient present with?

A
  • anemia symptoms
  • bleeding tendency
  • infection tendency
  • tumors/skin lesions
  • b symptoms
  • eye pallor
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16
Q

physical exam for hematologic patient

A
  • look for eye pallor
  • check skin for lesions, pallor, and jaundice
  • look at lymph nodes
  • lungs
  • abdomen (the spleen and liver)
17
Q

what workup would you do for a hematologic patient

A
  • blood work!

- CT/PET CT (radiology)

18
Q

what does blood work entail for a hematologic patient?

A
  • biochemical (look for Hgb, RBC (size, Hgb vol. etc), WBC, platelet, vitamin/iron status, carrier proteins, arterial blood gas)
  • smears biopsies (lymph nodes and bone marrow)
  • fluorescence/immunological (characteristics and function)
19
Q

hemostasis

A
  • the process of creating a functional blood clot when there is bleeding
  • there will be vasoconstriction to decrease the amount lost into extracellular space
20
Q

primary hemostasis

A

-platlets are activated and will congregate in these areas and make a meshwork where platelets and red blood cells will cover area

21
Q

secondary hemostasis

A

reinforcement of clot with fiber

22
Q

thrombus and fibrinolisis

A

this is the degeneration of the clot formed

23
Q

fibrinogenesis

A
  • this is a coagulation cascade
  • this is the formation of fibrin (a protein in the blood responsible for the meshwork in blood clot formation
  • this requires lots of cofactors to activate thrombin
  • the factors are produced in the liver
24
Q

what is understanding coagulation good for?

A

-patients with blood clots
surgical/trauma/bleeding patients
-patients with blood, liver or endothelial diseases

25
Q

anemia

A

low hemoglobin in normohydrated normovolemic patient

26
Q

symptoms of anemia

A
  • fatigue
  • dizziness
  • fainting **
  • low blood pressure
  • skin paleness
  • skin coldness
  • skin yellowing
  • shortness of breath
  • chest pain
  • angina
  • heart attack
  • spleen enlargement
27
Q

what are important investigations to do for anemia?

A

-hemoglobin
-mean ELL volume
-mean hemoglobin concentration
-iron and vitamin B levels
FINISH

28
Q

sickle cell anemia

A
  • this is autosomal recessive inheritance, heterozygous carriers out there and can have sickle cell traits
  • caused by a mutation in the beta globulin of hemoglobin
  • prevalent in African populations (evolutionary because helps agains malaria)
  • low oxygen because of the sickling formation and it holds less O2
  • they do not bend as well in vessels and can cause clots
29
Q

why is so dangerous

A

if there is a concomitant disease that causes a decrease in hematopoiesis (ex. viral infection/ vitamin b deficiency) then it becomes life threatening

30
Q

how does sickle cell anemia present

A

-often at an early age
-low energy/poor general condition/poor stamina
-fatigue/dizzyness/palpations
-Jaundice
-gall stones
-local/general painful episdoes
aplastic crisis

31
Q

what is an aplastic crisis

A

this is when the RBCs have decreased
-pallor
-trachycardia
FINISH

32
Q

management of sickle cell anemia

A

-blood transfusion
RBCX (red blood cell exchange, total)
-hydroxyrea (increase production of fetal hemoglobin)
-immunication due to asplenic (absence of spleen) status (vaccines)
-vit B sustitution

33
Q

prognosis for sickle cell anemia

A
  • typical debut 6 months
  • highest mortality rate is 6-12 months
  • with time develops chronic multi organ disease
  • most patients die from organ failure
  • mean life expectancy is 40-50 years old

Human Health and Disease (11 decks)

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