Pathophysiology

Question 1

Most common nervous system cell type that support the endothelial cells that make up the BBB

Answer 1

astrocytes

Question 2

Cells that are macrophages of CNS

Answer 2

microglial cells

Question 3

What cells produce myelin?

Answer 3

oligodendrocytes

Question 4

Part of neuron where impulses are generated and conducted down axon

Answer 4

axon hillock

Question 5

What size fiber conducts faster?

Answer 5

larger diameter fiber conducts faster than small fibers

Question 6

Where do action potentials occur on the axon?

Answer 6

only at the nodes of Ranvier increasing the velocity and conserving energy

Question 7

Immune mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS

Answer 7

multiple sclerosis

Question 8

How many MS patients present with involvement of the optic nerve resulting in monocular visual disturbances?

Answer 8

1/4

Question 9

Lhermitte’s sign (MS)

Answer 9

Tingling in the back and anterior thigh upon neck flexion

Question 10

Uhthoff’s sign (MS)

Answer 10

Symptoms worsen when patient becomes heated

Question 11

Degenerative disease of the basal ganglia involving the failure of dopamine-secreting neurons (substantia nigra)

Answer 11

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 12

How many people over age 85 have AD?

Answer 12

almost half

Question 13

Pathology restricted to cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and another basal nucleus called nucleus of Meynert

Answer 13

Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 14

Produces acetylcholine

Answer 14

nucleus of Meynert

Question 15

Plaques characteristic of Alzheimer’s

Answer 15

amyloid

Question 16

Which chromosome carries gene for amyloid protein?

Answer 16

21. Almost all people with Down syndrome who live beyond 45 develop AD

Question 17

autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of antibodies against the nicotinic ACh receptor which destroys them

Answer 17

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 18

Characterized by encephalopathy and fatty changes in several organs, esp. liver

Answer 18

Reye’s Syndrome

Question 19

abnormal discharge of electrical activity within the brain

Answer 19

seizure

Question 20

episodes of widespread and intense motor activity

Answer 20

convulsion

Question 21

recurrent disorder of cerebral function marked by sudden, brief attacks of altered consciousness, motor activity or sensory phenomenon.

Answer 21

epilepsy

Question 22

type of seizure that is almost imperceptible alterations in consciousness

Answer 22

petit mal (absence seizures)

Question 23

type of seizure with dramatic loss of consciousness, falling, generalized tonic-clonic convulsions of all extremities, incontinence, and amnesia for the event

Answer 23

grand mal (generalized tonic-clonic)

Question 24

Group of brain neurons susceptible to activation.
Plasma membranes may be more permeable to ion movement. Firing of these neurons may be greater in frequency and amplitude

Answer 24

Epileptogenic focus

Question 25

Why is edema a problem in the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 25

enclosed space, lack of lymphatics, lack of anastomoses in venous drainage

Question 26

For what type of edema can you give IV bolus of hypertonic soln (mannitol) to draw water into the vasculatare and out of the brain?

Answer 26

cytotoxic

Question 27

Type of edema that occurs when BBB is disrupted due to inflammation, toxic agents, neoplasm

Answer 27

vasogenic

Question 28

Normal ICP

Answer 28

5-15 mmHg

Question 29

Hallmarks of increased ICP

Answer 29

HA, vomiting, papilledema

Question 30

Break in dura results in exposure of brain tissues to environment. Results in focal (localized) injury

Answer 30

Open (penetrating) trauma

Question 31

injury to a nasal sinus that allows air into brain or ventricles - cerebrospinal rhinorrhea

Answer 31

Traumatic pneumocephalus

Question 32

More common head trauma. Involves head hitting hard surface or rapidly moving object strikes head. Dura is intact

Answer 32

Blunt Head Trauma

Question 33

head strikes against object. shearing forces cause small tears in blood vessels

Answer 33

coup

Question 34

Typically located on the top of skull and act as an expanding mass

Answer 34

subdural hematoma

Question 35

Usually frontal and temporal lobes and acts as expanding mass

Answer 35

intracerebral hematoma

Question 36

Most common of all neurological problems

Answer 36

cerebrovascular disease

Question 37

Artery that contains 70% of cerebral blood flow

Answer 37

internal carotid artery

Question 38

What sign occurs with upper motor neuron lesion?

Answer 38

babinski sign (dorsiflexes and splays)