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Clin Med GI > Pathophys > Flashcards

Pathophys Flashcards

1
Q

Sphincter that keeps air from entering the esophagus and stomach when breathing

A

Upper esophageal sphincter (pharyngoesophageal sphincter)

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2
Q

Remains tonically contracted to prevent reflux, during swallowing it relaxes

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (gastroesophogeal sphincter)

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3
Q

What helps keep a zone of high pressure around the LES and prevents reflux?

A

Diaphragm

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4
Q

Contains the opening of the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct

A

Duodenum

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5
Q

Food is digested and absorbed

A

Jejunum and Ileum

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6
Q

Blind pouch that projects down at the junction of the ileum and colon - prevents return of feces to small intestine

A

Cecum

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7
Q

What makes up the innermost (first) layer of the esophagus? The mucosal layer

A

Lamina propia
Muscularis mucosa
Epithelium lining

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8
Q

What is the function of the first layer of the esophagus

A 
Mucus production
Excretion of digestive enzymes
Absorption of breakdown products
Maintenance of a barrier to prevent the entry of noxious substances and pathogenic organisms
Lymphatics
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9
Q

What is the second layer of the esophagus?

A

Submucosal layer

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10
Q

What is contained within the submucosal layer of the esophagus?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, and structures that secrete digestive enzymes

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11
Q

What is the third layer of the esophagus?

A

Muscularis externa

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12
Q

What is the function of muscularis external?

A

Fascilitates movement

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13
Q

What is the fourth and final layer of the esophagus?

A

Serosal layer

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14
Q

Contains the blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels that supply the intestine wall. Holds the organs in place and stores fat.

A

Mesentary

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15
Q

From stomach to cover the transverse colon and folds of the intestine

A

Greater omentum

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16
Q

Extends between the transverse fissure of the liver and lesser curvature of the stomach

A

Lesser omentum

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17
Q

Constant level of contraction or tone without regular periods of relaxation
Found in the lower esophagus, upper region of the stomach, ileocecal valve and internal anal sphincter.

A

Tonic movements

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18
Q

Intermittent contractions responsible for mixing and moving food

A

Rhythmic movements

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19
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system will ____ activity of the entire enteric nervous system

A

Increase

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20
Q

Sympathetic innervation _____ activity of the entire enteric nervous system

A

Inhibits

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21
Q

When are gastric contents emptied into the duodenum?

A

Between contractions

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22
Q

What is the duodenal pH?

A

Below 3.5

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23
Q

Slow contraction of the circular muscle layer occlude the lumen and drive contents forward or backward. Function to mix chyme with digestive enzymes and ensure all parts of chyme have adequate exposure to the mucosal surface.

A

Segmentation waves

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24
Q

Rhythmic propulsive movements to propel chyme to the large intestine

A

Peristaltic movements

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25
Q

Local digging-like action, makes sure all aspects are exposed to intestinal surface.

A

Haustrations

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26
Q

Large segment of the colon contracts as a unit moving fecal matter forward

A

Mass movements

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27
Q

Which nerves supply the internal and external sphincters?

A

Pedundal

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28
Q

Initiated by distention of the rectal wall with initiation of reflex peristaltic waves that spread through the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum

A

Itrinsic myenteric reflex

29
Q

Integrated at the level of the sacral cord. When the nerve endings in the rectum are stimulated, signals are transmitted to the sacral cord and then reflexively back to the descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus and pelvic nerves. Increase peristaltic movements and relax the internal sphincter.

A

Parasympathetic reflex

30
Q

Primary function: stimulation of gastric acid secretion. Also has a trophic (growth producing) effect on the mucosa of the GI tract.

A

Gastrin

31
Q

Produced by the endocrine cells in the mucosal layer of the fundus of the stomach. It displays potent growth hormone releasing activity and has a stimulatory effect on food intake and digestive function while reducing energy expenditure.

A

Ghrelin

32
Q

Where is secretin secreted?

A

By the S cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum

33
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Inhibits gastrin secretion, stimulates pancrease to produce larger amounts of fluid with high bicarb

34
Q

What stimulates the release of secretin?

A

Entry of acid chymeinto the intestine

35
Q

What type of cells secrete cholecystokinin?

A

I cells in the intestinal mucosa

36
Q

What stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion?

A

Cholecystokinin

37
Q

Potentiates the action of secretin, increasing pancreatic bicarb response to low levels of secretin, stimulates biliary secretion of fluid and bicarb, regulates gallbladder contraction and gastric emptying. Has been known to inhibit food intake and mediate appetite.

A

Cholecystokinin

38
Q

Increase insulin release after an oral glucose load

A

Incretin hormones

39
Q

What type of incretin hormone is released from L cells in the distal small bowel?

A

GLP-1

40
Q

What type of incretin hormone is released from K cells in the upper gut and suppresses glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, and decreases appetite and body weight?

A

GIP

41
Q

Innervation by the parasympathetic nervous system will ______ salivary secretions

A

Increase

42
Q

Secrete HCL and intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells

43
Q

What type of gastric secretion cells secrete pepsinogen, and what does pepsinogen do?

A

Chief cells

Pepsinogen is an enzyme that initiates the breakdown of proteins

44
Q

Which type of cells secrete gastrin?

A

G cells

45
Q

Which type of cells produce mucus? What is the purpose of these cells?

A

Epithelial cells

Needed to protect from HCL

46
Q

What glands produce mucus?

A

Brunner glands

47
Q

What acts as a vehicle for absorption, has a pH between 6.5 and 7.5, and is secreted by specialized cells?

A

Serous fluid

48
Q

What enzyme separates amino acids?

A

Peptidases

49
Q

What surface enzymes split sugars?

A

Disaccharidases

50
Q

What is the only secretion produced by the large intestine?

A

Mucus

51
Q

Most of our intestinal flora is ?

A

Anaerobic

52
Q

Each villi has? 3 things

A

Artery
Vein
Lymph

53
Q

Glandular structures that open into the spaces between villi

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn

54
Q

Carbs must be broken down into ??

A

Monosaccharides

55
Q

What is the first thing to break down starches?

A

Amylase in the mouth

56
Q

Where is another place you can find amylase besides in the mouth?

A

Pancreatic secretions

57
Q

What breaks disaccharides down into monosaccharides?

A

Brush border enzymes

58
Q

What is the first step of fat digestion and absorption?

A

Emulsification

59
Q

Increases the number of triglyceride molecules exposed to pancreatic lipase which splits triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides

A

Emulsification

60
Q

Where and with what does protein digestion begin?

A

In the stomach with pepsin

61
Q

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

The low pH of chyme

62
Q

Which pancreatic enzymes further break down protein?

A

Tyrpsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Elastase

63
Q

Are pancreatic enzymes active when they are secreted?

A

No, they are secreted in their inactive form and then converted

64
Q

Rhythmic spasmodic movements of the diaphragm, chest wall and abdominal muscles. Precedes or alternates with periods of vomiting.

A

Retching

65
Q

Located in the dorsal portion of the reticular formation of the medulla near the sensory nuclei of the vagus

A

Vomiting center

66
Q

Located in a small area on the floor of the fourth ventricle where it is exposed to both blood and cerebrospinal fluid
Thought to mediate the emetic effects of blood borne drugs and toxins.

A

Chemoreceptor

67
Q

What exerts a direct effect on the vomiting center?

A

Hypoxia

68
Q

What types of neurotransmitters suppress vomiting and nausea?

A

Dopamine and serotonin antagonists

Clin Med GI (9 decks)

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