pathology (wk 6)

Question 1

which are the first leukocytes to arrive at the site of injury, kill pathogens and degrade foreign material by phagocytosis?
a. neutrophils
b. mast cells
c. monocyte/macrophage

Answer 1

a. neutrophils

Question 2

is increasing temperature in the body or locally a beneficial or harmful effect of inflammation?

Answer 2

beneficial - but may lead to tissue damage/delayed restoration of tissue homeostasis, which is harmful

Question 3

which release chemical signals (cytokines) which cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability to allow for the recruitment of phagocytic cells?
a. neutrophils
b. mast cells
c. monocyte/macrophage

Answer 3

b. mast cells

Question 4

which are involved with the removal of necrotic debris, phagocytosis and destruction of microorganisms, processing of antigens, secretion of cytokines and inflammatory mediators?
a. neutrophils
b. mast cells
c. monocyte/macrophage

Answer 4

c. monocyte/macrophage

Question 5

what are PRRs?

Answer 5

pattern recognition receptors - a class of receptors that can directly recognise the specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens (PAMPs) and damaged cells (DAMPs) - PRRs belong to the family of toll-like receptors

Question 6

inflammatory inducers - inflammatory reactions can be triggered by a variety of stimuli. are bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi..
a. infectious agents
b. non-infectious agents

Answer 6

a. infectious agents

Question 7

inflammatory inducers - inflammatory reactions can be triggered by a variety of stimuli. are trauma, tissue necrosis, and immune mediated diseases…
a. infectious agents
b. non-infectious agents

Answer 7

b. non-infectious agents

Question 8

what are PAMPs?

Answer 8

pathogen-associated molecular patterns: act as signatures to alert the innate immune system of the presence of infection

Question 9

what are DAMPs?

Answer 9

damage associated molecular patterns - endogenous danger molecules that are released from damaged or dying cells and activate the innate immune system by interacting with pattern recognition receptors

Question 10

what is an extravascular fluid that has a high protein and cell concentration (leukocytes) and a high specific gravity - it’s presence implies an increased permeability of blood vessels and therefore an inflammatory reaction
a. transudate
b. exudate

Answer 10

b. exudate

Question 11

Histamine is a mediator of inflammation that causes vascular dilation and increased vascular permeability. what is the richest source of histamine in mammals?
a. macrophages
b. lymphocytes
c. neutrophils
d. mast cells

Answer 11

d. mast cells

Question 12

inflammation involves a series of vascular and cellular events characterised by the movement of serum proteins and leukocytes from the blood to extravascular tissues. what are cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 12

heat, redness, swelling, pain and loss of function

Question 13

cardinal signs of inflammation - what is the heat and redness caused by?

Answer 13

small blood vessel dilation and increased blood flow to the area

Question 14

cardinal signs of inflammation - what is the swelling and pain caused by?

Answer 14

• swelling is caused primarily by the accumulation of fluid outside blood vessels
• pain is due to the release of inflammatory mediators leading to the stimulation of neuronal pathways