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veterinary science 2.2 > neoplasia > Flashcards

neoplasia Flashcards

"An abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli that evoked the change" "The mass develops due to clonal cell expansion (the entire mass develops from 1 cell) due to the presence of genetic alterations in the cell DNA"

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is oncology?

A

the study of neoplasia

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1
Q

true or false - all neoplasia develops from one cell that escapes normal control of the body?

A

true

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2
Q

what is the term for a neoplasm that does not locally invade or spread within the body?

A

benign

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3
Q

what is the term for a neoplasm that invades the surrounding tissues and has the potential to spread (metastasise) to locations elsewhere in the body?

A

malignant

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4
Q

true or false - neoplasia is caused by the accumulation of multiple mutations within cell DNA

A

true

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5
Q

true or false - once a cell becomes neoplastic, it can never return to normal

A

true

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6
Q

true or false - neoplasia is inevitable once cell dysplasia (abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs) has developed

A

false

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7
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death (cell suicide)

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8
Q

what does oncogenic/carcinogenic mean?

A

something that promotes neoplasm development

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9
Q

what is metastasis?

A

the non contiguous spread of a neoplasm resulting in the development of additional neoplasms at distant locations in the body

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10
Q

what is the word for the process of a cell changing from non-neoplastic to neoplastic?
a. metamorphosis
b. transformation
c. revolution

A

b. transformation

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11
Q

what are oncogenes?

A

genes that code for proteins promoting cellular growth and proliferation - cells with genes that increase oncogene transcription (and so increase cellular growth and proliferation factors) are more likely to become neoplastic

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12
Q

what are tumour suppressor genes?

A

genes that code for proteins that protect the cell against neoplastic transformation - mutations in the tumour suppressor genes disrupt these protective mechanisms and are often found in neoplastic cells

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13
Q

pick the false:
a. APC gene mutations are inherited as a dominant trait, cancer is almost guaranteed without intervention
b. all people with recessively inherited cancer genes develop cancer
c. people with recessively inherited cancer syndromes require one mutation for loss of protein function while other people require two mutations

A

b. all people with recessively inherited cancer genes develop cancer

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14
Q

defective DNA replication falls into two types - what is a mismatch error?
a. When genes in the chromosome are reassembled incorrectly
b. When genes from Mum are not aligned correctly with those from Dad
c. When an A binds to a C (or G to T) during DNA replication
d. When a ribosome incorrectly reads mRNA to produce an abnormal protein

A

c. When an A binds to a C (or G to T) during DNA replication - mostly picked up on and fixed, but some end up in the copy of the DNA strand. rare, but build up as you get older.

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15
Q

defective DNA replication falls into two types - what are chromosome assembly errors?
a. When genes are assembled in the wrong order
b. When genes from Mum are not aligned correctly with those from Dad
c. When an A binds to a C (or G to T) during DNA replication
d. When a ribosome incorrectly reads mRNA to produce an abnormal protein

A

a. when genes are assembled in the wrong order - much less common than mismatch errors, with more immediate effects

16
Q

Which of the following is true about mismatch errors?
a. They are inevitable but occur at a slow rate
b. They typically involve tumor suppressor protein genes
c. They are caused by carcinogens
d. Are prevented by adequate cell antioxidants

A

a. They are inevitable but occur at a slow rate

17
Q

put the following events in order: cell repairs, but does a bad job. free radicals produced in cells. breaks in cell DNA. mutations in DNA.

A
  1. free radicals produced in cells
  2. breaks in the cell DNA
  3. cell repairs, but does a poor job
  4. mutations in DNA
18
Q

true or false - do chemical carcinogens increase mutations

A

true

19
Q

true or false - does radiant energy increase mutations

A

true

20
Q

true or false - does increased cell turnover increase mutations

A

true

21
Q

true or false - increased errors during replication DO NOT increase mutations

A

false - they do

22
Q

true or false - does viral infection increase mutations?

A

true - they do, by direct transformation, immunosuppression and chronic inflammation

23
Q

true or false - UV light predisposes to cancer by causing breaks in the DNA

A

true

24
Q

true or false - inherited mutations in the mismatch repair systems are the most common inherited cancer syndrome in people

A

true

25
Q

pick the false:
a. ingestion of bracken fern causes bovine bladder and oesophageal cancer
b. feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a frequent cause of cancer in cats
c. injection site sarcomas occur due to chronic inflammation and are most common in cats

A

b. feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a frequent cause of cancer in cats - false

26
Q

which one is true?
a. lack of mismatch repair predisposes to cancer by causing breaks in the DNA
b. the immune system prevents cancer by detecting and destroying cells that have become neoplastic
c. virally-induced chronic liver inflammation (facial eczema) causes liver cancer in sheep
d. papillomaviruses are a significant cause of cancer in humans

A

d. papillomaviruses (HPV) are a significant cause of cancer in humans - true

27
Q

Which of the following is not a carcinogen?
a. Alcohol
b. Tobacco
c. Thalidimide
d. Aflatoxins

A

c. Thalidimide - this actually works by inhibiting blood vessel development with some evidence it may be useful in the treatment of cancer

28
Q

Which of the following is the best definition of an oncoprotein?
a. A protein which prevents mismatch repair proofreading
b. A protein which promotes cell growth and division
c. A protein that increases blood vessel development
d. A protein which causes increased breaks in the DNA

A

b. A protein which promotes cell growth and division

29
Q

Which of the following diseases have not been associated with papillomavirus (HPV) infection?
a. Feline intestinal lymphoma
b. Equine sarcoids
c. Equine genital squamous cell carcinomas
d. Feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

A

a. Feline intestinal lymphoma

30
Q

Which is FALSE regarding RAS
a. This protein transmits a message from the GF receptor to the cell nucleus
b. Mutated RAS cannot bind to the RAS receptor on the cell nucleus
c. RAS is an oncoprotein
d. Mutations in RAS are common in human neoplastic cells

A

b. Mutated RAS cannot bind to the RAS receptor on the cell nucleus - it can, that’s the problem

31
Q

Which of the following is FALSE about p53 - the best known of tumour suppressor proteins?
a. p53 can trigger cell apoptosis if damaged DNA is detected
b. p53 can detect and repair damaged DNA
c. Lynch syndrome is when one copy of mutated p53 is inherited
d. p53 is a tumour suppressor protein

A

c. Lynch syndrome is when one copy of mutated p53 is inherited - false, lynch syndrome is mismatch repair mutations

32
Q

Regarding cancer, why is it so important for cells to die after a set period of time?
a. Mutations accumulate and so older cells have more mutations
b. Older cells ‘forget’ how to replicate and so replication of old cells causes more mutations
c. Older cells are more likely to produce free radicals, predisposing to cancer
d. Death of old cells is important to make room for younger cells

A

a. Mutations accumulate and so older cells have more mutations

33
Q

how are neoplasms named?

A

first part - the anatomic name for the organ or tissue in which the cell became neoplastic
second part - tissue type and whether or not the neoplasm is benign or malignant

34
Q
A

veterinary science 2.2 (17 decks)

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