large animal musculoskeletal (wk 2) Flashcards
which box is the heel bulb?
top right
which box is the heel?
below the heel bulb
where are the quarters?
medial and lateral sides of the hoof
where is the toe of the hoof?
distal front
which large bone is under the X?
humerus
which large bone is under the Y?
tibia
where is the left carpus?
way higher than on small animals
where is the right tarsus?
way higher than small animal (also the cutest little dude!!)
which term best describes the position of the left carpus of this horse?
a. extended
b. flexed
b. flexed
which location is the bar of the hoof?
B
which location is the frog?
C
which location is the sole?
E
which location is the heel bulb?
A
which location is the wall of the hoof?
D
which location is the articular cartilage?
A (articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints)
where is the distal phalanx?
D (the end bone of your finger)
where is the dermis?
C (underneath the keratinised hoof)
where is the digital cushion?
F (the fat pad thing that lies above the frog of the hoof)
where is the hoof wall?
B: the hoof wall is the part of the hoof that is visible when the horse is standing - made up of the toe (front), quarters (sides) and heel.
where is the sole of the hoof?
E - nothing revolutionary. bottom of the hoof.
where is the tendon?
G - deep digital flexor, I think
which box is the pigmented middle layer?
top
which box is the unpigmented middle layer?
here
which box is the laminae of the inner layer?
the underside of a mushroom looking things
bone of the distal phalanx?
top right
where are the laminae of the inner layer of the hoof?
top left - note how the laminae of the inner hoof wall interlock with the dermis to anchor the hoof wall to the underlying bone
where is the dermis?
the fleshy part
where is the sole of the hoof?
here :)
ruminant hoof - where is the abaxial surface?
D - the outside of the claw
ruminant hoof - where is the axial surface?
E - “between the toes”
ruminant hoof - where is the bulb?
A - the bulb is the main weight bearing part of each claw and it takes up most of the ground surface; relatively soft but the thick epidermal tissue adds protection
ruminant hoof - where is the sole?
C - the sole is the area between the abaxial and axial parts of the wall, and separated from the wall by the white line. sole gradually merges into the bulb
ruminant hoof - where is the white line?
B
what structure is A?
the hoof wall
what structure is B?
the digital cushion
what structure is C?
the heel
what structure is D?
the sole
what structure is E?
the white line
which is the dermal laminae?
left - the “underside of mushroom” parts on the internal hoof
which is the epidermal laminae?
right - the “underside of mushroom” parts on the shell of the hoof
which box is the axial surface?
A
which box is the abaxial surface?
D
structure in box B?
the dew claw
structure in box C?
the coronary band
which box is the transverse facial artery?
the cheek one
what is the limb doing during it’s stance phase?
bearing weight
what is a limb doing during it’s swing phase?
in the air
which phase is the left forelimb in?
a. stance phase
b. swing phase
b. swing phase
What are the bones indicated by #1, 2 and 3?
a. Carpal bones
b. Distal sesamoid bones
c. Phalanx bones
d. Proximal sesamoid bones
c. Phalanx bones
what are the bones indicated by #8?a. a. Carpal bones
b. Distal sesamoid bones
c. Phalanx bones
d. Proximal sesamoid bones
b. Distal sesamoid bones - the navicular bone (each claw has one)
What are the bones indicated by #6 and 7?
a. Carpal bones
b. Distal sesamoid bones
c. Phalanx bones
d. Proximal sesamoid bones
d. Proximal sesamoid bones (each limb has four proximal sesamoids, they can be described as axial and abaxial for each claw)
which digit is the dew claw numbered in cows?
digit II
where is the left fore fetlock?
here - metacarpophalangeal (and metatarsophalangeal on hind limbs)
where is the right fore pastern?
pastern - proximal interphalangeal
where is the right carpus?
here
where is the left medial claw?
here
what holds the two claws together on a cow and prevents them splaying apart under weight?
the interdigital ligament - distal and proximal
where is the suspensory ligament?
here
where is the deep digital flexor?
here - more dorsal than the superficial
where is the superficial digital flexor?
here - more palmar/plantar than the deep
where is the digital sheath?
here - covers the superficial/deep digital flexors
where are the annular ligaments of the fetlock and digit?
here (for stabilisation pursposes)
where is the distal interdigital ligament?
here
where is the suspensory ligament?
here - most dorsal of the three
where is the deep digital flexor?
here - in the middle, with the suspensory ligament dorsally and superficial digital flexor on the palmar aspect
where is the superficial digital flexor?
here - most plantar/palmar of the three
where are the annular ligaments?
here - the ones that wrap around the bones horizontally (there’s lots to help stabilise the distal limb)
