Pathology of the Upper GI Tract Flashcards
What is oesophageal reflux caused by?
Reflux of gastric acid into the oesophagus
What are the 2 main complications of oesophageal reflux?
Fibrosis (due to healing)
Barrett’s oesophagus
Barrett’s oesophagus is a type of metaplasia that transforms what type of tissue?
Squamous epithelium - Glandular epithelium
What are the 2 types of oesophageal cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
What are the 3 main risk factors for squamous cell oesophageal cancer?
Smoking
Alcohol
Dietary carcinogens
What are the 2 main risk factors for adenocarcinoma oesophageal cancer?
Barrett’s oesophagus (metaplasia)
Obesity
What are 3 local effects of oesophageal cancer?
Obstruction
Ulceration
Perforation
Where does oesophageal cancer spread through the blood?
The liver
What are the 3 types of pathology for gastritis?
Autoimmune (type A) Bacterial (type B) Chemical injury (type C)
What is autoimmune gastritis?
An organ-specific autoimmune disease
What is the main cause of bacterial gastritis?
Helicobacter pylori
What are the 3 causes of chemical gastritis?
Drugs (NSAIDs)
Alcohol
Bile reflux
What causes peptic ulceration?
Imbalance between acid secretion and mucosal barrier
What are the 3 organs that peptic ulceration affects (and the specific areas of these organs)?
Oesophagus (lower)
Stomach (body and antrum)
Duodenum (first and second parts)
What are the 3 main complications of peptic ulceration?
Bleeding (acute or chronic)
Perforation
Fibrosis (healing)
What is gastric (stomach) cancer usually associated with?
A previous H.pylori infection
What histological type of cancer is gastric cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
Where does gastric cancer spread in terms of blood spread?
The liver
What type of tissue does gastric cancer arise in?
Glandular epithelium
