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Med term > Pathology of the Reproductive System > Flashcards

Pathology of the Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Balanitis

A

An inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision

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2
Q

Phimosis

A

A narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted (pulled back) to expose the glans penis. This condition can be present at birth or become apparent during childhood.

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3
Q

Erectile dysfunction (ED) (impotence)

A

The inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erection. A penis that is not erect is referred to as being flaccid, or limp.

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4
Q

Peyroine’s disease (penile curvature)

A

A form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection.

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5
Q

Priapism

A

A painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is either not accompanied by sexual excitement or does not go away after sexual stimulation has ended. The condition can be caused by medications or by blood-related diseases such as sickle cell anemia or leukemia.

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6
Q

Premature ejaculation

A

A condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before or shortly after penetration

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7
Q

Andropause (ADAM)

A

Androgen Decline in the Aging Male. marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone. It usually begins when a man is in his late 40s and progresses very gradually over several decades. Androgen is a male sex hormone.

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8
Q

Cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)

A

A developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum

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9
Q

Anorchism

A

The congenital absence of one or both testicles

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10
Q

Epididymitis

A

Inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder

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11
Q

Hydrocele

A

A fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles

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12
Q

Spermatocele

A

A cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm

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13
Q

Testicular cancer

A

Cancer that begins in the testicles. It is the most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 and 34 years. This cancer is highly treatable when diagnosed early.

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14
Q

Testicular torsion

A

A sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle.

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15
Q

Testitis/ochitis

A

Inflammation of one or both testicles

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16
Q

Varicocele

A

A knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum

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17
Q

Azoospermia

A

The absence of sperm in the semen

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18
Q

Oligospermia

A

A sperm count of below 20 million/mL. This is also known as a low sperm count and is a common cause of male infertility.

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19
Q

Hematospermia

A

The presence of blood in the seminal fluid. This condition can be caused by infections of the seminal vesicles, prostatitis, urethritis, or urethral strictures

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20
Q

Anovulation

A

The absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected. This condition can be caused by stress, inadequate nutrition, or hormonal imbalances. Menstruation can continue, although ovulation does not occur.

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21
Q

Oophoritis

A

Inflammation of an ovary. This condition frequently occurs when salpingitis or pelvic inflammatory disease are present.

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22
Q

Ovarian cancer

A

Originates within the cells of the ovaries. These cancer cells can break away from the ovary and spread (metastasize) to other tissues and organs within the abdomen or travel through the bloodstream to other parts of the body.

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23
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

Any inflammation of the female reproductive organs that is not associated with surgery or pregnancy. This condition occurs most frequently as a complication of a sexually transmitted disease and can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and other serious disorders.

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24
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

A

A condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles.

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25
Q

Pyosalpinx

A

An accumulation of pus in a fallopian tube

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26
Q

Salpingitis

A

An inflammation of a fallopian tube

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27
Q

Salpingitis

A

An inflammation of a fallopian tube

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28
Q

Endometriosis

A

A condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity. It is a leading cause of infertility.

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29
Q

Endometrial cancer

A

Involves a cancerous growth that begins in the lining of the uterus. One of the earliest symptoms of this cancer that frequently occurs after menopause is abnormal bleeding from the uterus.

30
Q

Uterine fibroid (myoma)

A

A benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus

31
Q

Uterine prolapse (pelvic floor hernia)

A

A condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina.

32
Q

Cervical cancer

A

A slow-growing squamous cell cancer. It is caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), which can now usually be prevented through vaccination. Cervical cancer can be detected early through routine Pap smears.

33
Q

Cervical dysplasia

A

The presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix. Without early detection and treatment, these cells can become malignant.

34
Q

Cervicitis

A

An inflammation of the cervix that is usually caused by an infection

35
Q

Endocervicitis

A

An inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix

36
Q

Colporrhexis

A

Tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall

37
Q

Dyspareunia

A

Pain during sexual intercourse

38
Q

Dyspareunia

A

Pain during sexual intercourse

39
Q

Leukorrhea

A

A profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina. Women normally may have some vaginal discharge; however, leukorrhea describes a change and increase in this discharge that can be due to an infection, malignancy, or hormonal changes

40
Q

Vaginal atrophy

A

A decrease in elasticity and lubrication caused by hormonal changes. It affects about half of all postmenopausal women and can be treated with moisturizers or estrogen therapy.

41
Q

Vaginal candidiasis (yeast infection)

A

A vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans. The growth of this fungus is usually controlled by bacteria normally present in the vagina. Symptoms of vaginal candidiasis include burning, itching, and a “cottage cheese-like” vaginal discharge.

42
Q

Vaginismus

A

An involuntary spasm of the pelvic floor muscles, which close off the vagina. This spasm can cause dyspareunia and difficulty tolerating speculum insertion for a Pap smear.

43
Q

Vagnitis

A

An inflammation of the lining of the vagina. The most common causes of a vaginal inflammation are bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and vaginal candidiasis

44
Q

Pruritus vulvae

A

A condition of severe itching on the external genitalia

45
Q

Pruritus vulvae

A

A condition of severe itching on the external genitalia

46
Q

Vulvodynia

A

A painful syndrome of unknown cause. It is characterized by chronic burning, dyspareunia, itching, or stinging irritation of the vulva.

47
Q

Vulvitis

A

An inflammation of the vulva. Possible causes include fungal or bacterial infections, chafing, skin conditions, or allergies to products such as soaps and bubble bath.

48
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

A round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast. These masses, which can grow to the size of a small plum, are benign and usually painless. Fibroadenomas often enlarge during pregnancy and shrink during menopause.

49
Q

Fibrocystic breast disease

A

The presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts. This condition occurs more frequently in older women.

50
Q

Galactorrhea

A

The production of breast milk in a woman who is not breastfeeding. This condition is caused by a malfunction of the thyroid or pituitary gland.

51
Q

Mastalgia/mastodynia

A

Pain in the breast

52
Q

Mastitis

A

A breast infection that is caused by bacteria that enter the breast tissue, most frequently during breastfeeding

53
Q

Amenorrhea

A

An abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more. This condition, which is normal only before puberty, during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, and after menopause, can be caused by stress, hormonal problems, inadequate nutrition, or excessive exercise.

54
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period. This pain, which occurs in the lower abdomen, can be sharp, intermittent, dull, or aching.

55
Q

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

A

A condition characterized by abnormal bleeding, often due to an imbalance in hormone level changes.

56
Q

Hypermenorrhea/menorrhagia

A

An excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days

57
Q

Hypomenorrhea

A

An unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period

58
Q

Menometrorrhagia/intermenstrual bleeding

A

Excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals

59
Q

Metrorrhagia

A

Uterine bleeding between menstrual periods, often referred to as spotting

60
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

The term used to describe infrequent or very light menstruation in a people with previously normal periods

61
Q

Polymenorrhea

A

The occurrence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal

62
Q

Premature menopause

A

A condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40 years due to disease, a hormonal disorder, or surgical removal. This causes infertility and often brings on menopausal symptoms.

63
Q

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

A group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation. These symptoms can include bloating, swelling, headaches, mood swings, and breast discomfort.

64
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

A

A condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle. Symptoms occur regularly in the second half of the cycle and end when menstruation begins or shortly thereafter.

65
Q

Infertility

A

The inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth.

66
Q

Preeclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension)

A

A complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension (high blood pressure), edema (swelling), and proteinuria (an abnormally high level of protein in the urine).

67
Q

Eclampsia

A

A more serious form of preeclampsia, is characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma. Treatment for this condition includes the delivery of the fetus.

68
Q

HELLP syndrome

A

A life-threatening pregnancy complication characterized by hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. It occurs in 10–20% of pregnant women with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia and can occur during the third trimester of pregnancy or after delivery. Treatment includes delivery of the fetus and careful monitoring to prevent serious maternal complications including hemorrhage and death.

69
Q

Abruptio placentae (placental abruption)

A

A disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus. Abruption means breaking off. This condition is a leading cause of fetal death.

70
Q

Placenta previa

A

The abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus. Previa means appearing before or in front of. Symptoms include painless, sudden-onset bleeding during the third trimester.

Med term (12 decks)

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