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Med term > Pathology of the Eyes and Ears > Flashcards

Pathology of the Eyes and Ears Flashcards

1
Q

Ptosis/blepharoptosis

A

The drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis

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2
Q

Chalazion

A

Nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction in a sebaceous gland

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3
Q

Hordeolum/stye

A

A pus-filled and often painful lesion on the eyelid resulting from an acute infection in a sebaceous gland.

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4
Q

Blepharitis

A

Swelling of the eyelid, often at the location of the eyelash hair follicles

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5
Q

Ectropion

A

The eversion of the edge of an eyelid. This usually affects the lower lid, thereby exposing the inner surface of the eyelid to irritation and preventing tears from draining properly.

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6
Q

Entropion

A

The inversion of the edge of an eyelid. This usually affects the lower eyelid and causes the eyelashes to rub against the cornea

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7
Q

Periorbital edema

A

Swelling of the tissues surrounding the eye or eyes. This can give the face a bloated appearance and cause the eyes to be partially covered by the swollen eyelids. This swelling is associated with conditions such as allergic reaction, nephrotic syndrome, or cellulitis.

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8
Q

Conjunctivitis/pink eye

A

An inflammation of the conjunctiva that is usually caused by an infection or allergy

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9
Q

Dacryoadenitis

A

An inflammation of the lacrimal gland caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. Signs and symptoms of this condition include sudden severe pain, redness, and pressure in the orbit of the eye.

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10
Q

Subconjunctival hemorrage

A

Bleeding between the conjunctiva and the sclera. This condition, which is usually caused by an injury, creates a red area over the white of the eye.

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11
Q

Xerophthalmia/dry eye

A

Drying of eye surfaces, including the conjunctiva, because the tear glands do not produce enough tears. This condition is often associated with aging. It can also be due to systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or caused by a lack of vitamin A.

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12
Q

Uveitis

A

An inflammation of the uvea causing swelling and irritation. Complications from uveitis can potentially lead to permanent vision loss.

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13
Q

Iritis

A

The most common form of uveitis. This inflammation of the uvea affects primarily structures in the front of the eye. his condition has a sudden onset and may last six to eight weeks.

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14
Q

Corneal abrasion

A

An injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea

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15
Q

Corneal ulcer

A

A pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury. Although these ulcers heal with treatment, they can leave a cloudy scar that impairs vision.

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16
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes. As diabetic retinopathy progresses, diabetic macular edema can occur.

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17
Q

Keratitis

A

An inflammation of the cornea. This condition can be due to many causes, including bacterial, viral, or fungal infections.

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18
Q

Keratoconus

A

Occurs when the cornea becomes irregular and cone-shaped, causing blurring and distortion of vision.

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19
Q

Scleritis

A

An inflammation of the sclera. This condition is usually associated with infections, chemical injuries, or autoimmune diseases.

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20
Q

Anisocoria

A

A condition in which the pupils are unequal in size. his condition can be congenital or caused by a head injury, an aneurysm, or pathology of the central nervous system.

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21
Q

Cataract

A

The loss of transparency of the lens that causes a progressive loss of visual clarity. The formation of most cataracts is associated with aging; however, this condition can be congenital or due to an injury or disease.

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22
Q

Floaters/vitreous floaters

A

Particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous humor and cast shadows on the retina. Floaters often occur normally but may be an indication of retinal detachment, especially when accompanied by photopsia.

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23
Q

Photopsia/flashers

A

The presence of what appears to be flashes of light, or flashers. These are often caused by damage to the eye or migraine headaches.

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24
Q

Miosis

A

The contraction of the pupil, normally in response to exposure to light but also possibly due to the use of prescription or illegal drugs

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25
Q

Mydriasis

A

The dilation of the pupil. The causes of mydriasis include diseases, trauma (injury), and drugs.

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26
Q

Nystagmus

A

An involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball that can be congenital or caused by a neurological injury or drug use.

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27
Q

Papilledema/choked disk

A

Swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk. This swelling is caused by increased intracranial pressure and can be due to a tumor pressing on the optic nerve.

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28
Q

Retinal detachment/detached retina/retinal tears

A

The separation of some or all of the light-sensitive retina from the choroid. If not treated, the entire retina can detach, causing blindness. These conditions can be caused by head trauma, aging, or the vitreous humor separating from the retina

29
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa

A

A progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision. It can be detected by the presence of dark pigmented spots in the retina.

30
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

A form of vasculitis that can cause a sudden vision loss, usually in one eye

31
Q

Glaucoma

A

A group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the retinal nerve fibers and the optic nerve. This increase in pressure is caused by a blockage in the flow of fluid out of the eye. If untreated, this pressure can cause the loss of peripheral vision and eventually blindness.

32
Q

Open-angle glaucoma/chronic glaucoma

A

By far the most common form of this condition. The trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked, causing a buildup of pressure. Symptoms of this condition are not noticed by the patient until the optic nerve has been damaged; however, it can be detected earlier through regular eye examinations, including tonometry and visual field testing.

33
Q

Closed-angle glaucoma/acute glaucoma

A

The opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork. This narrowing can cause a sudden increase in the intraocular pressure that produces severe pain, nausea, redness of the eye, and blurred vision. Without immediate treatment, blindness can occur in as little as two days.

34
Q

Macular degeneration (MD)

A

A gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision but not in total blindness

35
Q

Age-related macular degeneration

A

Occurs most frequently in older people and is the leading cause of severe vision loss in those over 60.

36
Q

Dry macular degeneration

A

Accounts for 90% of all AMD cases, is caused by the slow deterioration of the cells of the macula.

37
Q

Wet macular degeneration

A

An advanced form of dry AMD. New blood vessels growing beneath the retina leak blood and fluid, damaging the retinal cells. These small hemorrhages usually result in rapid and severe vision loss.

38
Q

Diplopia (double vision)

A

The perception of two images of a single object. It is sometimes a symptom of a serious underlying disorder such as multiple sclerosis or a brain tumor.

39
Q

Hemianopia

A

Blindness in one-half of the visual field.

40
Q

Monochromatism (colorblindness)

A

The inability to distinguish certain colors in a normal manner. This is a genetic condition caused by deficiencies in or the absence of certain types of cones in the retina.

41
Q

Nyctalopia (night blindness)

A

A condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night

42
Q

Photophobia

A

Excessive sensitivity to light and can be the result of migraines, excessive wearing of contact lenses, drug use, or inflammation

43
Q

Presbyopia

A

The condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging (presby means old age). With age, near vision declines noticeably as the lens becomes less flexible and the muscles of the ciliary body become weaker. The result is that the eyes are no longer able to focus the image properly on the retina.

44
Q

Strabismus

A

A disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly, because the eye muscles are unable to focus together.

45
Q

Esotropia (cross-eyes)

A

Strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one or both eyes

46
Q

Exotropia (walleye)

A

Strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other

47
Q

Ametropia

A

Any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina. Astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia are all forms of ametropia.

48
Q

Astigmatism

A

A condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea.

49
Q

Hypertropia (farsightedness)

A

A defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina. This condition can occur in childhood but usually causes difficulty after age 40

50
Q

Myopia (nearsightedness)

A

A defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina. This condition occurs most commonly around puberty

51
Q

Amblyopia

A

A dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye

52
Q

Scotoma (blind spot)

A

An abnormal area of diminished vision surrounded by an area of normal vision.

53
Q

Barotrauma

A

A pressure related ear condition. These conditions can be caused by pressure changes when flying, driving in the mountains, or scuba diving or when the eustachian tube is blocked.

54
Q

Cholesteatoma (pearly tumor)

A

A destructive epidermal cyst in the middle ear and/or the mastoid process made up of epithelial cells and cholesterol. It can be congenital or a serious complication of chronic otitis media

55
Q

Mastoiditis

A

An inflammation of any part of the mastoid bone. This condition may develop when acute otitis media that cannot be controlled with antibiotics spreads to the mastoid process.

56
Q

Infectious myringitis

A

A contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the eardrum. This condition is associated with a middle ear infection. It is not to be confused with infectious meningitis, which is an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord

57
Q

Otitis media

A

An inflammation of the middle ear.

58
Q

Acute otitis media

A

Usually associated with an upper respiratory infection and is most commonly seen in young children. This condition can lead to a ruptured eardrum due to the buildup of pus or fluid in the middle ear.

59
Q

Serous otitis media

A

A fluid buildup in the middle ear without symptoms of an infection. This condition can follow acute otitis media or can be caused by obstruction of the eustachian tube.

60
Q

Otosclerosis

A

The ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear, resulting in a conductive hearing loss. This condition is treated with a stapedectomy.

61
Q

Labyrinthitis

A

An inflammation of the labyrinth that can result in vertigo and deafness

62
Q

Vertigo

A

A sense of whirling, dizziness, and loss of balance that is often combined with nausea and vomiting. Although it is a symptom of many disorders, recurrent vertigo is sometimes associated with inner ear problems such as Ménière’s disease.

63
Q

Benign paroxysymal positional vertigo (BPPV)

A

A common cause of vertigo that occurs when there is a shift in the location of small crystals in the semicircular canals. BPPV, labyrinthitis, and Ménière’s disease are examples of vestibular disorders, which are disorders of the body’s balance-controlling vestibular system in the inner ear.

64
Q

Ménière’s disease

A

A rare chronic disorder in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of vertigo, a fluctuating hearing loss (usually in one ear), and tinnitus.

65
Q

Tinnitus

A

A condition of a ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears. It is often associated with hearing loss and is more likely to occur when there has been prolonged exposure to loud noises.

66
Q

Acoustic neuroma

A

A brain tumor that develops adjacent to the cranial nerve running from the brain to the inner ear. This is one of the most common types of brain tumors and can cause hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus.

67
Q

Presbycusis

A

A gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages

68
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Occurs when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear. Causes of this hearing loss include a buildup of earwax, infection, fluid in the middle ear, a punctured eardrum, otosclerosis, and scarring. This type of hearing loss can often be treated.

69
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness)

A

Develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged. This is usually due to age, noise exposure, or an acoustic neuroma. The source of this hearing loss can be located in the inner ear, in the nerve from the inner ear to the brain, or in the brain.

Med term (12 decks)

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