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Med term > Pathology of the Integumentary System > Flashcards

Pathology of the Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Acne vulgaris (acne)

A

A chronic inflammatory disease characterized by pustular eruptions of the skin caused by an overproduction of sebum around the hair shaft. Although often triggered by hormones in puberty and adolescence, it also occurs in adults. Vulgaris is a Latin term meaning common.

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2
Q

Comedo

A

A noninfected lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle often associated with acne vulgaris. A comedo with an obstructed opening is called a whitehead (a closed comedo). A sebum plug that is exposed to air often oxidizes and becomes a blackhead (an open comedo).

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3
Q

Epidermoid cyst/sebaceous cyst

A

A closed sac that is found just under the skin. These cysts contain yellow, fatty material and are usually found on the face, neck, or trunk.

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4
Q

Seborrhea

A

Overactivity of the sebaceous glands that results in the production of an excessive amount of sebum

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5
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis

A

An inflammation sometimes resulting from seborrhea that causes scaling and itching of the upper layers of the skin or scalp. Extensive dandruff is a form of seborrheic dermatitis, as is the scalp rash in infants known as cradle cap. In contrast, mild dandruff is usually caused by a yeast-like fungus on the scalp.

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6
Q

Seborrheic keratosis

A

A benign skin growth that has a waxy or “pasted-on” look. These growths, which can vary in color from light tan to black, occur most commonly in the elderly.

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7
Q

Anhidrosis

A

The abnormal condition of lacking sweat in response to heat

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8
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Profuse sweating. This is a normal condition when brought on by heat or exertion but can also be the body’s response to emotional or physical distress.

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9
Q

Heat rash/prickly heat

A

An intensely itchy rash caused by blockage of the sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells.

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10
Q

Hyperhidrosis

A

A condition of excessive sweating in one area or over the whole body

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11
Q

Sleep hyperhidrosis/night sweats

A

The occurrence of hyperhidrosis during sleep. There are many potential causes of this condition, including menopause, certain medications, and some infectious diseases.

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12
Q

Folliculitis

A

An inflammation of the hair follicles. This condition is especially common on arms, legs, and in the beard area of men. One of the causes of folliculitis is a bacterium found in poorly chlorinated hot tubs or whirlpools. This leads to a condition called hot tub folliculitis.

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13
Q

Trichomycosis axillaris

A

A superficial bacterial infection of the hair shafts in areas with extensive sweat glands, such as the armpits

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14
Q

Hirsutism

A

The presence of excessive body and facial hair in women, usually occurring in a male pattern. This condition can be hereditary or can be caused by a hormone imbalance.

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15
Q

Alopecia areata

A

Alopecia occurring in patches on the head.

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16
Q

Alopecia totalis

A

Complete hair loss on the head.

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17
Q

Alopecia universalis

A

Total loss of all body hair

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18
Q

Androgenic alopecia

A

The most common type of hair loss. Androgenic means referring to androgens, the hormones involved in the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics (think male/female pattern baldness)

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19
Q

Clubbing

A

The abnormal curving of the nails that is often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips. This condition can be hereditary but is usually caused by changes associated with oxygen deficiencies related to coronary or pulmonary diseases such as lung cancer.

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20
Q

Koilonychia (spoon nail)

A

A malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon. This condition is often an indication of iron-deficiency anemia

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21
Q

Onychia (onychitis)

A

An inflammation of the bed of the nail that often results in the loss of the nail

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22
Q

Onychocryptosis (ingrown toenail)

A

The edges of a toenail, usually on the big toe, curve inward and cut into the skin. The affected area is prone to inflammation or infection.

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23
Q

Onychomycosis

A

A fungal infection of the nail. Depending on the type of fungus involved, this condition can cause the nails to turn white, yellow, green, or black and to become thick or brittle.

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24
Q

Paronychia

A

An acute or chronic infection of the skin fold around a nail

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25
Q

Acanthosis nigricans

A

A condition where one or more areas of the skin develop dark, wart-like patches. This can be a sign of a disease such as cancer or type 2 diabetes or a reaction to a medication.

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26
Q

Solar lentigines/liver spots/age spots

A

Discolorations caused by sun exposure. Although harmless, these spots sometimes resemble skin cancer growths.

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27
Q

Chloasma/melasma/mask of pregnancy

A

A pigmentation disorder characterized by brownish spots on the face. This can occur during pregnancy, especially among women with dark hair and fair skin, and usually disappears after delivery.

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28
Q

Contusion

A

An injury to underlying tissues without breaking the skin and is characterized by discoloration and pain. This discoloration is caused by an accumulation of blood within the skin.

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29
Q

Ecchymosis (bruise)

A

A large, irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin

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30
Q

Purpura

A

The appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin. These areas of discoloration are smaller than an ecchymosis and larger than petechiae.

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31
Q

Petechiae

A

Very small, pinpoint hemorrhages that are less than 2 mm in diameter. These pinpoints sometimes result from high fevers.

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32
Q

Hematoma

A

Usually caused by an injury, is a swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues. The body eventually reabsorbs this blood. A hematoma is often named for the area where it occurs. For example, a subungual hematoma is blood trapped under a finger or toenail.

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33
Q

Lesion

A

A pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury. Skin lesions are described by their appearance, location, color, and size as measured in centimeters (cm).

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34
Q

Crust/scab

A

A collection of dried serum and cellular debris

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35
Q

Macule/macula

A

A discolored flat spot that is less than 1 cm in diameter. Freckles, or flat moles, are examples of macules

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36
Q

Nodule

A

A solid, raised skin lesion that is larger than 0.5 cm in diameter and deeper than a papule. In acne vulgaris, nodules can cause scarring.

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37
Q

Papule

A

A small, raised red lesion that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter and does not contain pus. Small pimples and insect bites are types of papules

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38
Q

Plaque

A

A scaly, solid raised area of closely spaced papules. For example, the lesions of psoriasis are plaques

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39
Q

Scales

A

Flakes or dry patches made up of excess dead epidermal cells. Some shedding of these scales is normal; however, excessive shedding is associated with skin disorders such as psoriasis.

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40
Q

Verrucae (warts)

A

Small, hard skin lesions caused by the human papillomavirus. Plantar warts are verrucae that develop on the sole of the foot.

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41
Q

Wheal (welt)

A

A small bump that itches. Wheals can appear as urticaria, or hives, as a symptom of an allergic reaction

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42
Q

Purulent

A

Producing or containing pus

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43
Q

Exudate

A

A fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected wound.

44
Q

Cyst

A

An abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material. The most common type is a sebaceous cyst

45
Q

Pustule/pimple

A

A small, circumscribed lesion containing pus . Circumscribed means contained within a limited area. Pustules can be caused by acne vulgaris, impetigo, or other skin infections.

46
Q

Vesicle

A

A small blister, less than 0.5 cm in diameter, containing watery fluid

47
Q

Bulla

A

A large blister that is usually more than 0.5 cm in diameter

48
Q

Fissure

A

A groove or crack-like break in the skin. Fissures are, for example, the breaks in the skin between the toes caused by tinea pedis, or athlete’s foot

49
Q

Pressure sore/decubitis ulcer/bedsore

A

An open ulcerated wound that is caused by prolonged pressure on an area of skin. Without proper care, these sores quickly become seriously infected and can result in tissue death.

50
Q

Needlestick injury

A

An accidental puncture wound caused by a used hypodermic needle, potentially transmitting an infection.

51
Q

Ulcer

A

An open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges

52
Q

Vascular birthmarks

A

Caused by blood vessels close to the skin’s surface. These are the most common type of birthmark and are sometimes called salmon patches or red birthmarks.

53
Q

Capillary hemangioma (strawberry birthmark)

A

A soft, raised, pink or red vascular birthmark. A hemangioma is a benign tissue mass made up of newly formed small blood vessels that in birthmarks are visible through the skin

54
Q

Port-wine stain

A

A lat vascular birthmark made up of dilated blood capillaries, creating a large, reddish-purple discoloration on the face or neck. This type of birthmark will not resolve without treatment.

55
Q

Exfoliative dermatitis

A

A condition in which there is widespread scaling of the skin. It is often accompanied by pruritus, erythroderma (redness), and hair loss. It may occur in severe cases of many common skin conditions, including eczema, psoriasis, and allergic reactions.

56
Q

Pruritis (itching)

A

Associated with most forms of dermatitis

57
Q

Erythema

A

Redness of the skin due to capillary dilation

58
Q

Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

A

A mildly contagious viral infection that is common in childhood. This infection produces a red, lace-like rash on the child’s face that looks as if the child has been slapped. It is called “fifth disease” for its place on a list of six common childhood diseases that can cause an exanthem. Others include measles and rubella

59
Q

Erythema multiforme

A

A skin disorder resulting from a generalized allergic reaction to an illness, infection, or medication. This reaction, which affects the skin, the mucous membranes, or both, is characterized by a rash that may appear as nodules or papules (raised red bumps), macules (flat discolored areas), or vesicles or bullae (blisters).

60
Q

Erythema pernio (chilblains)

A

A purple-red inflammation that occurs when the small blood vessels below the skin are damaged, usually due to exposure to cold and damp weather. When warmth restores full circulation, the affected areas begin to itch; however, they usually heal without treatment.

61
Q

Sunburn

A

A form of erythema in which skin cells are damaged by exposure to the ultraviolet rays in sunlight. This damage increases the chances of later developing skin cancer.

62
Q

Erythroderma

A

Abnormal redness of the entire skin surface

63
Q

Exanthem

A

Refers to a widespread rash, usually in children. A rash is a breaking out, or eruption, that changes the color or texture of the skin.

64
Q

Hand, foot, and mouth disease

A

A mild viral infection common in children under 5 years of age. It is characterized by sores in the mouth and throat and a rash on the hands and feet.

65
Q

Dermatosis

A

A general term used to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation

66
Q

Ichthyosis

A

A group of hereditary disorders characterized by dry, thickened, and scaly skin. These conditions are caused either by the slowing of the skin’s natural shedding process or by a rapid increase in the production of the skin’s cells.

67
Q

Lipedema (painful fat sydnrome)

A

A chronic abnormal condition that is characterized by the accumulation of fat and fluid in the tissues just under the skin of the hips and legs. This condition usually affects women and even with weight loss this localized excess fat does not go away.

68
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus)

A

An autoimmune disorder characterized by a red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk. In addition to the skin, this condition also attacks the connective tissue in other body systems, especially in the joints.

69
Q

Psoriasis

A

A common skin disorder characterized by flare-ups in which red papules covered with silvery scales occur on the elbows, knees, scalp, back, or buttocks

70
Q

Rosacea (adult acne)

A

Characterized by tiny red pimples and broken blood vessels. This chronic condition of unknown cause usually develops in individuals with fair skin between 30 and 60 years of age.

71
Q

Rhinophyma (bulbous nose)

A

Usually occurs in older men. This condition is characterized by hyperplasia (overgrowth) of the tissues of the nose and is associated with advanced rosacea.

72
Q

Scleroderma

A

An autoimmune disorder in which the connective tissues become thickened and hardened, causing the skin to become hard and swollen. This condition can also affect the joints and internal organs.

73
Q

Urticaria (hives)

A

Itchy wheals caused by an allergic reaction

74
Q

Xeroderma (xerosis)

A

Excessively dry skin.

75
Q

Carbuncle

A

A cluster of connected furuncles (boils).

76
Q

Cellulitis

A

An acute, rapidly spreading bacterial infection within the connective tissues that is characterized by malaise, swelling, warmth, and red streaks.

77
Q

Furuncles (boils)

A

Large, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands.

78
Q

Gangrene

A

Death of tissue, is most commonly caused by a loss of circulation to the affected tissues. The tissue death is followed by bacterial invasion that causes putrefaction, and if this infection enters the bloodstream, it can be fatal. Putrefaction is decay that produces foul-smelling odors.

79
Q

Impetigo

A

A highly contagious bacterial skin infection that commonly occurs in children. This condition is characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture.

80
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating bacteria)

A

A severe infection caused by group A strep bacteria. These bacteria normally live harmlessly on the skin; however, if they enter the body through a skin wound, this serious infection can result. If untreated, the infected body tissue is destroyed, and the illness can be fatal.

81
Q

Pyoderma

A

Any acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo

82
Q

Mycosis

A

Describes any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus

83
Q

Tinea (ringworm)

A

A fungal infection that can grow on the skin, hair, or nails. This condition is also known as ringworm, not because a worm is involved, but because as the fungus grows on the skin, it spreads out in a worm-like circle. Tinea does not create this pattern when it grows on the nails.

84
Q

Tinea capitis

A

Found on the scalps of children.

85
Q

Tinea corposis

A

A fungal infection of the skin on the body

86
Q

Tinea cruris (jock itch)

A

Found in the genital area.

87
Q

Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

A

Most commonly found between the toes.

88
Q

Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor)

A

A fungal infection that causes painless, discolored areas on the skin.

89
Q

Scabies

A

A skin infection caused by an infestation of itch mites. These tiny mites cause small, itchy bumps and blisters by burrowing into the top layer of human skin to lay their eggs. Medications applied to the skin kill the mites; however, itching may persist for several weeks.

90
Q

Callus

A

A thickening of part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing. A clavus, or corn, is a callus in the keratin layer of the skin covering the joints of the toes, usually caused by ill-fitting shoes.

91
Q

Cicatrix

A

A normal scar resulting from the healing of a wound

92
Q

Graulation tissue

A

The tissue that normally forms during the healing of a wound. This tissue eventually forms the scar.

93
Q

Granuloma

A

A general term used to describe a small, knot-like swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis. Granulomas can result from inflammation, injury, or infection.

94
Q

Keloid

A

An abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the original incision. A tendency to form keloids is often inherited and is more common among people with dark-pigmented skin.

95
Q

Keratosis

A

Any skin growth, such as a wart or a callus, in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the skin. Patches of keratosis in the mouth are known as leukoplakia

96
Q

Lipoma

A

A benign, slow-growing fatty tumor located between the skin and the muscle layer. This fatty tumor is usually harmless, and treatment is rarely necessary unless the tumor is in a bothersome location, is painful, or is growing rapidly.

97
Q

Nevus (mole)

A

A small, dark skin growth that develops from melanocytes in the skin. Normally, these growths are benign.

98
Q

Dyplastic nevi

A

Atypical moles that can develop into skin cancer.

99
Q

Papilloma

A

A benign, superficial, wart-like growth on the epithelial tissue or elsewhere in the body, such as in the bladder

100
Q

Polyp

A

A general term used most commonly to describe a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane, such as a polyp in the nose. These growths have many causes and are not necessarily malignant.

101
Q

Skin tags

A

Small, flesh-colored or light-brown polyps that hang from the body by fine stalks. Skin tags are benign and tend to enlarge with age.

102
Q

Skin cancer

A

A malignant growth on the skin which can have many causes, including repeated severe sunburns or long-term exposure to the sun. Skin cancer is becoming very common, affecting about one in five Americans in their lifetime. There are three main types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

103
Q

Actinic keratosis (solar keratosis)

A

A precancerous skin growth that occurs on sun-damaged skin. It often looks like a red, tan, or pink scaly patch and feels like sandpaper. Precancerous describes a growth that is not yet malignant; however, if not treated, it is likely to become malignant.

104
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

A malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis. This is the most common and least harmful type of skin cancer because it is slow growing and rarely spreads to other parts of the body. The lesions, which occur mainly on the face or neck and tend to bleed easily, are usually pink and smooth and are raised with a depression in the center

105
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Originates as a malignant tumor of the scaly squamous cells of the epithelium; however, it can quickly spread to other body systems. These cancers begin as skin lesions that appear to be sores that will not heal or that have a crusted look

106
Q

Malignant melanoma (melanoma)

A

A type of skin cancer that occurs in the melanocytes. This is the most serious type of skin cancer, and often the first signs are changes in the size, shape, or color of a mole. One way to remember this is by thinking of A-B-C-D-E: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter larger than a pencil eraser, and Evolving by changing in size, shape, shade, or color

Med term (12 decks)

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