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Med term > Pathology of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Pathology of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)/Coronary heart disease (CHD)/ischemic heart disease

A

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle. This creates an insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause angina (pain), a myocardial infarction (heart attack), or death. It is the most common type of heart disease .

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2
Q

End-stage coronary heart disease

A

Characterized by unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle.

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3
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries.This type of plaque, which is found within the lumen of an artery, is a fatty deposit similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe. The plaque can protrude outward into the lumen from the wall of the blood vessel or protrude inward into the wall of the vessel.

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4
Q

Atheroma

A

a characteristic of atherosclerosis, is a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall (ather means plaque, -oma means tumor).

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5
Q

Ischemia

A

A condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body. For example, cardiac ischemia is the insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart muscle.

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6
Q

Angina/angina pectoris

A

A condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium. These episodes are due to ischemia of the heart muscle and often progressively worsen as the blood flow continues to be compromised until a myocardial infarction occurs.

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7
Q

Stable angina

A

Occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest.

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8
Q

Unstable angina

A

May occur either during exertion or rest and is a precursor to a myocardial infarction.

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9
Q

Myocardial infarction/heart attack

A

The occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup. The most frequently recognized symptoms of a myocardial infarction include pain or pressure in the middle of the chest that may spread to the back, jaw, or left arm. Many individuals having a heart attack have mild symptoms or none at all.

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10
Q

Infarction

A

A sudden insufficiency of blood

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11
Q

Infarct

A

A localized area of dead tissue cause by lack of blood flow.

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12
Q

Heart failure/congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

Occurs most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues. In this chronic condition the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives. The decreased pumping action causes congestion (fluid buildup).

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13
Q

Left-sided heart failure/pulmonary edema

A

An accumulation of fluid in the lungs. This occurs because the left side of the heart, which is its main pumping chamber, is unable to efficiently pump oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. The increase in pressure in the veins of the lungs results in localized fluid accumulation.

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14
Q

Right-sided heart failure

A

Often the result of left-sided heart failure, causes fluid buildup throughout the rest of the body. This occurs because the right side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout the rest of the body. Due to the pressure of gravity, this edema, or swelling, is first noticeable in the feet and legs. As this swelling worsens, it can also affect the liver, gastrointestinal tract, or the arms.

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15
Q

Cardiomealgy

A

The abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability.

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16
Q

Carditis

A

An inflammation of the heart.

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17
Q

Endocarditis

A

The inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.

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18
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

A

The inflammation of the inner lining of the heart cause by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.

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19
Q

Pericarditis

A

The inflammation of the pericardium of the heart. This inflammation causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac, and this excess fluid restricts the movement of the heart, reducing the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body.

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20
Q

Myocarditis

A

An inflammation of the myocardium that rarely develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection.

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21
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

The term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle.

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22
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

A disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly. The progression of this condition is usually slow and only presents with symptoms when quite advanced.

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23
Q

Heart murmur

A

An abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessels. Heart murmurs are most often caused by defective heart valves, but they do not usually require surgery unless they affect the patient’s quality of life.

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24
Q

Valvulitis

A

An inflammation of a heart valve.

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25
Q

Valvular prolapse

A

The abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely.

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26
Q

Prolapse

A

The falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part. This condition is named for the affected organ, or part, such as a mitral valve prolapse.

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27
Q

Valvular stenosis

A

A condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart.

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28
Q

Arrhythmia

A

The loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. This can be a minor, temporary episode, or it can be a fatal event. The severity of this episode depends on how much the heart’s ability to pump blood is compromised. Rather than being an abnormality in the heart muscle, arrhythmias are usually caused by an abnormality in the electrical conduction system of the heart.

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29
Q

Asystole/flat line

A

The complete lack of electrical activity in the heart.

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30
Q

Cardiac arrest

A

An event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively.

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31
Q

Sudden cardiac death

A

Results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes.

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32
Q

Heart block

A

A congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles.

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33
Q

Bradycardia

A

An abnormally slow resting heart rate, typically applying to a bpm of 60 or lower. This condition can occur when the passage of electricity from top to bottom of the heart is partially or totally blocked.

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34
Q

Tachycardia

A

An abnormally fast/rapid resting heart rate, typically applying to a bpm of 100 or higher.

35
Q

Supraventricualr tachycardia (SVT)/paroxsymal supraventricular tachycardia

A

An episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the atrioventricular (AV) node.

36
Q

Ventricular tachycardia/V-tach

A

A very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles. This condition is potentially fatal because the heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body. For some patients, this condition can be controlled with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

37
Q

Fibrilation

A

A potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat, compared to the fast but regular rhythm of tachycardia.

38
Q

Atrial fibrilation/A-fib

A

The most common type of tachycardia. It occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall. This causes an irregular and quivering action of the atria. Some of the increased electrical impulses reach the ventricles, and this makes them contract more rapidly and less efficiently than normal, producing an irregular rate of 80–180 beats per minute or more.

39
Q

Ventricular fibrilation/V-fib

A

Rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles. Instead of pumping strongly, the heart muscle quivers ineffectively. This condition is the cause of many sudden cardiac deaths.

40
Q

Palpitation

A

A pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm. This condition is associated with certain heart disorders; however, it can also occur during a panic attack

41
Q

Vasculitis

A

The inflammation of a blood vessel.

42
Q

Polyarteritis

A

A form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time. Polyarteritis is a rare but serious blood vessel disease that occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries.

43
Q

Temporal arteritis/giant cell arteritis

A

A form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms. It is diagnosed when a biopsy shows the presence of abnormally large cells. Temporal arteritis can cause unilateral or bilateral blindness, and more rarely, a stroke.

44
Q

Angiostenosis

A

The abnormal arrowing of a blood vessel.

45
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

A deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part.

46
Q

Perfusion

A

The flow of blood through the vessels of an organ.

47
Q

Aneurysm

A

A localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery. The rupture of an aneurysm can be fatal because of the rapid loss of blood. Aneurysms are named for the artery involved, such as an aortic aneurysm.

48
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries, it characterizes any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

49
Q

Arteriostenosis

A

The abnormal narrowing of an artery.

50
Q

Chronic venous insufficiency/venous insufficiency

A

A condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves. This condition primarily affects the feet and ankles, and the leakage of venous blood into the tissues causes discoloration of the skin.

51
Q

Phlebitis

A

The inflammation of a vein. a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves. This condition primarily affects the feet and ankles, and the leakage of venous blood into the tissues causes discoloration of the skin.

52
Q

Varicose veins

A

Abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs. This condition occurs when the valves in these veins do not function properly, so blood pools in the veins, causing them to enlarge.

53
Q

Thromobsis

A

The abnormal condition of having a thrombus (blood clot)

54
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein.

55
Q

Thrombotic occlusion

A

The blocking of an artery by a thrombus.

56
Q

Coronary thrombosis

A

Damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

57
Q

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)/deep venous thrombosis

A

The condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein. Sometimes such a blockage forms in the legs of a bedridden patient or in someone who has remained seated too long in an airplane or car. The danger is that the thrombus (clot) will break loose and travel to a lung where it can be fatal by causing a blockage

58
Q

Embolism

A

The sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus. The embolism is often named for its causative factor, such as an air or fat embolism.

59
Q

Embolus

A

A foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood.

60
Q

Peripheral vascular disease/peripheral arterial occlusive disease

A

An example of a peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis. This condition is a common and serious problem affecting more than 20% of all patients over 70 years of age. Impaired circulation to the extremities and vital organs can cause changes in the skin color and temperature.

61
Q

Raynaud’s disease

A

A peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. The symptoms, which are due to constricted circulation, include pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue color), and redness of the fingers and toes.

62
Q

Blood dyscrasia

A

Any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood

63
Q

Hemochromatosis/iron overload disease

A

A genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron. The excess iron that is absorbed enters the bloodstream and accumulates in organs, where it causes damage.

64
Q

Leukopenia/low WBC count

A

A decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood. It places the patient at an increased of risk of developing or having difficulty fighting infections.

65
Q

Polycythemia

A

An abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow.

66
Q

Sepsis/septicemia/blood poisoning

A

A potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream. This condition can result in damage to multiple organ systems as the chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body.

67
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

A condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood. This condition is associated with abnormal bleeding.

68
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

An abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood

69
Q

Transfusion reaction

A

A serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match.

70
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

The general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood

71
Q

Myelodysplastic syndrome

A

A type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow. Some patients later develop acute myeloid leukemia.

72
Q

Leukemia

A

A type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood. Types of leukemia are named based on how quickly they progress and the type of white blood cells involved. The four most common types of leukemia are acute or chronic myeloid leukemia and acute or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia.

73
Q

Anemia

A

A low red blood cell count causing fatigue and shortness of breath. The severity of this condition is usually measured by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. When inadequate hemoglobin is present, all parts of the body receive less oxygen and have less energy than is needed to function properly.

74
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow (WBC, RBC, and platelets)

75
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A

The most common form of anemia. Iron, an essential component of hemoglobin, is normally obtained through food intake and by recycling iron from old red blood cells. Without sufficient iron to help create hemoglobin, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively. This deficiency can be caused by blood loss, poor absorption of iron, or inadequate dietary intake of iron.

76
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

A blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal. This condition usually results from a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12.

77
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the formation of red blood cells.

78
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen. Although hemolytic anemia can be inherited or acquired, the most common examples are two types that are hereditary: sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.

79
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

A serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape. This sickle shape interferes with normal blood flow, resulting in damage to most of the body systems.

80
Q

Thalassemia

A

An inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal.

81
Q

Essential/primary/idiopathic hypertension

A

Consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause.

82
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Caused by a different medical problem, such as a kidney disorder or a tumor on the adrenal glands. When the other problem is resolved, the secondary hypertension usually improves.

83
Q

Malignant hypertension

A

Characterized by very high blood pressure. This condition, which can be fatal, is usually accompanied by damage to the organs, the brain, and optic nerves, or failure of the heart and kidneys.

84
Q

Orthostatic/postural hypotension

A

Low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up.

Med term (12 decks)

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