Pathology Of The Heart And Blood Vessels

Question 1

Aneurysm

Answer 1

A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery
Common sites: thoracic and abdominal aorta and brain vessels

Question 2

Angina Pectoris

Answer 2

Transient precordial sensation of pressure or discomfort resulting from MI
3 types: stable, unstable, prinzmetal

Question 3

Atherosclerosis

Answer 3

Slow progressive accumulation of fatty plaques on the inner walls of arteries. Can restrict blood flow over time, causing a blood clot

Question 4

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 4

A group of condition that affect the myocardium, impairing the ability of the heart to contract and relax
3 types: dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive

Question 5

Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)

Answer 5

A condition in which the veins and valve in the LEs are damaged and cannot keep the blood flowing toward the heart. This causes the veins to roaming filled with blood.

Question 6

Congenital heart defects

Answer 6

Malformation of the interior walls or valves of the heart or major arteries and veins near the hear that are present at birth. Blood flow may be slowed, blocked, or misdirected.

Question 7

Article septal defect (ASD)

Answer 7

A hole in the wall of the heart separating the right and left atria in fetal circulation, there is normally an opening between two atria to allow blood to bypass the lungs (foramen ovale). Blood flows from LA to RA (aka shunt)

Question 8

Coarctation of the aorta

Answer 8

Aorta is narrowed near the ductus arteriosus. May be mild to severe.

Question 9

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Answer 9

The ductus arteriosus which normal shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in utero does not close.

Question 10

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Answer 10

A hole in the septum separating the L and R ventricles. If the hole is too large too much blood will be pumped to the lungs, leading to heart failure.

Question 11

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 11

Combination of 4 heart defects:

VSD, pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy, aorta overriding VSD

Question 12

Cor pulmonale

Answer 12

AKA pulmonary heart disease, hypertrophy of the RV caused by altered structure or function of the lungs

Question 13

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Answer 13

Narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to atheromatous plaques resulting in ↓ blood flow

Question 14

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 14

Blood clot forms in one or more deep veins usually in the LEs. Clo can break loose and travel to the lungs, resulting in pulmonary embolism

Question 15

Endocarditis

Answer 15

Inflammation of the endothelium that lines the heart and cardiac valves. If left untreated if can damage/destroy the heart and become life-threatening.

Question 16

Heart failure

Answer 16

Also known as congestive heart failure
Progressive condition where the heart cannot maintain normal cardiac output to meet the body’s demands for blood and O2. Usually developed after heart is damaged or weakened. Typically affects the LV first. Blood can back up into liver, abdomen, LEs, and lungs.

Question 17

Heart Murmur

Answer 17

Abnormal swishing or showing sound hear by auscultation during cardiac cycle

Question 18

Hypertension

Answer 18

Sustained elevation of SBP > 140 mmHG or DBP > 90 mmHg in adults
Children: SBP/DBP > 95th percentile

Question 19

Myocardial infarction

Answer 19

Heart attack when blood flow through on or more of the coronary arteries is severely reduced or completely cut off. This causes irreversible necrosis to portion of myocardium.

Question 20

Myocarditis

Answer 20

Inflammation and weakness of the myocardium, can cause myocardium to become thick and swollen —> heart failure

Question 21

Pericarditis

Answer 21

Inflammation of the pericardium + pericardial effusion (↑ fluids btwn inner and outer layer)

Question 22

Peripheral Arterial Disease

Answer 22

Stenotic, occlusive, aneurysmal disease of the aorta and peripheral arteries

Question 23

Rheumatic fever

Answer 23

Inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication of untreated or poorly treated strep throat from group A strepococcus bacteria, can lead to valve damage and heart failure

Question 24

Valvular Heart Disease

Answer 24

Damage o one or more of the valves resulting in regurgitation (blood flows backward through damaged valves) or stenosis (thick/stiff/fused valves that block blood flow)