pathology of respiratory tract infections Flashcards
what may king infections be the outcome of
microorganism pathogenicity
- primary
- facultative
- opportunistic
capacity to resist infection
- state of host defence mechanisms
- age of patient
pop at risk
what are examples of upper respiratory tract infections
coryza - common cold sore throat syndrome acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) laryngitis sinusitis acute epiglottitis
what is acute epiglottitis caused by
haemophilia flu
grouo A beta - haemolytic streptococci
what are examples of lower respiratory tract infections
bronchitis bronchiolitis pneumonia consequences possible complications
what are the respiratory tract defence mechanisms
macrophage mucociliary escalator system
general immune system - humoral and cellular
respiratory tract secretions
upper respotayory tract as a filter
what are the different classifications of pneumonia
anatomical - understand radiology
aetiological - circumstances
microbiological - ultimately appropriate for treatment
what are the awtiological classifications of pneumonia
community acquired hospital acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised atyrpical aspiration recurrent
what are the different patterns of pneumonia
bronchopneumonia segemental lobar hypostatic aspiration obstructive, retention, endogenous lupus
how do u spot bronchopneumonia
often
bilateral basal
patchy opacification,
relating to the focal nature of the consolidation
what are the outcomes/complications of pneumonia
most resolve pleurisy, pleural effusion and empyema organisation - mass lesion - COP (crypto genie organising pneumonia) - lung abscess - bronchiectasis - pneumonia is still a potentially fatal disease
what is bronchiectasis
pathological dilatation of bronchi due to - sever infective episode
- recurrent infections - many causes
- proximal bronchial obstruction
- king parenchymal destruction
what are features of bronchiectasis
75% start in childhood
cough, abundant and purulent foul sputum, haemoptysis, signs of chronic infections
coarse crackles, clubbing
thin section CT
postural drainage antibiotics and surgery
how are the defences failing in recurrent lung infections
local bronchial obstruction - tumour or foreign body ?
local pulmonary damage - bronchiectasis ?
generalised lung disease - CF or COPD ?
non respiratory disease - immunocompromised, HIV or aspiration ?
what are features of aspiration pneumonia
vomiting oesophageal lesion obstetric anaesthesia neuromuscular disorders sédation
what are opportunistic infections
infection by organisms not normally capable of producing disease in patients with intact lung defences - opportunistic pathogens
- low grade bacterial pathogens
- CMV
- pneumocystis jirovecii
- other fungi and years
