Pathology of Neoplasia Flashcards
Tumor
non-specific term referring to a swelling
neoplasm
new growth
cancer
refers to a group of neoplasms infiiration adjacent itssue
neoplasm from arise form?
cells that are actively proliferation
rate of growth benign
slow
rate of growth of malignant
usually rapid
benign (spread_
localized
malignant (spread)
transfered via lymphatics, blood vessels
benign (boundaiies)
circumference, encapsualted
malignant (boundaies)
irregular
malignant (relationship to surronding tissue)
ivades and destroyrs
benign (relationship to surronding tissue)
merely compresses)
benign (effects)
pressure on vessels, ubes, nerves
malignant (effects)
destroys structures and remove of tumor will not restore function
irregular, ill-defind margins are typical for
carcinomas
benign tumors exhibit
expansive growth
tumors are comprised of?
parenchyma (tumor cells) and supproting tissue (stroma)
benign tumors are identified by the suffix
oma
malignant epithelial suffix
carcinoma
malignant mesenchymal suffic
sacroma
benign - fibrous fat tissue smooth mucke striated muscle bone cartilage
firboma lipoma leiomyoma rhabdomyoma osteoma chondroma
malignant -fibrous fat tissue smooth muscle striated muscle bone cartilage
fibrosarcoma liposarcoma leiomyosacroma rhadomyosarcoma osteosarcoma chondrosacroma
finger like growth secondary descriptor
papillary (fibro-vascular core)
big water balloon, translucent
cystic
mucinous
tumor makes a lot of mucus(matrix)
what can mucinous or colloid cause?
dessemination of tumor cells if ruptured
phases of malignant tumor growth
malignant change in tumor cell
cell growth
local invasion
distant metastasis
dysplasia
increased mitosis==>Disordered development
epithlial neoplasia
epithlieal tumors origniate as local dysplastic cell proliferation
when neoplastic cells occupy full thickness of an epithelium
carcinoma in situ
invasion is the
process of a malignant epitheliel tumor gorwing beyond its basement membrane
penetration of the basmene membrane may give tumor cells
vascular and lymphatic access
invasion of BM
1) new receptor interact with BM
2) secondary messenger acively activated producing diff. enzymes –>break down BM
Carcinoma –>
lymphaics
lymphoma–>
vasculature
Well differentiated
low differentiation–>tumor looks much like the cell of origin
poorly differentiated
high variation–>tumors have little resemblance to cell of origin
anaplasia
tumor cells that lack differentiation
rapid prolfieration marked by numerous mitoses
anaplasia
abnormal nuclear morphology
anaplsia
tumor grading specifics
grading system depon on tumor type
local effects of neoplasms
swelling irritation and pain vascular effects obstruction of hollow viscera infection involvment of adjacent vital structures infection
cachexia
general wasting
system tumor effects - hormonal
excess or reduction directly cuased by tumor
hypercoaguable state
DIC
endocarditis
migrating intravascular thrombophlebitis
evaluation of neoplasm
serum protein (tumor) markers)
alphafeto protein marker
hepatocellular carcinoma
carcinoembryonic antigen
colon carinoma
prostate specific antigen
prostate cancer
chroionic gonadotropin
choriocarcinoma
placental alkaline phosphatase
seminoma
more reliable prognostically than grading
TNM Staging
T =
tumor size
To=
occult tumor
Tis=
carcinoma in situ
N=
number and distribution of lymph node metastasis
M=
distant non-lymphoid metastasis
T1 =
tumor less than 2 cm max dimension
T2=
5 cm 2cm
T3=
tumor > 5cm
T4=
any size tumor with direct extension to chest wall or skin
N0=
no node met
N1=
movable nodes, ipsilateral
N2=
ipsilateral nodes fixed to each other or adjacent strucutre
N3=
ipsilateral internal mamrmary node
M0=
no metastasis
M1=
distant metastasis
