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Patho > Lecture 2 - Reactions to injury > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Reactions to injury Flashcards

1
Q

With reduced blood flow, tissue becomes

ischemic, but process may be ?

A

reversible

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2
Q

what Generally involves single cells or cell groups?

A

ischemia

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3
Q

infarction

A

irreversible damage to tissue

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4
Q

what involves a larger area and all cell types?

A

infarction

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5
Q

what do you use gross inspection for?

A

size and color

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6
Q

microscopic examination?

A

reversible and irreversible

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7
Q

color: white

A

scar, tissue, pigment, necrosis

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8
Q

color: black

A

gangrene

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9
Q

size: large

A

swelling, hypertrophy, bleding, tumor

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10
Q

size: small

A

scar, atrophy

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11
Q

reversible injury

A

a,h,h,m,s,l,inc

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12
Q

hypertrophy

A

excess, invrease volume size

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13
Q

hyperplasia

A

enlargement of an organ or tissue - reproduction rate increase

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14
Q

metaplasia

A

change in form

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15
Q

inclusions

A

elementary body or aggregates

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16
Q

atrophy due to?

A

dec. protein synthesis
reduced function
physio or pathologic

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17
Q

causes of hypertrophy

A

increased exercise or hypertension with LV hypertrophy

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18
Q

mechanism of hypertrophy

A

increased contractile proteins

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19
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

excess # of cells organ or tissue

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20
Q

causes of metaplasia (superman) meta human

A

pathologic process due treaction from an irratant

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21
Q

ex. of metaplasia

A

esphagus with gland formation

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22
Q

reason for swelling

A

permeable cell membrane

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23
Q

hemosiderin

A

found in macro and following hemorrhage

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24
Q

inclusion

A

accumulations of virus and protein

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25
Q

causes of protein inclusion

A

misfolding or accumulation of an abnormal protein

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26
Q

what occurs in alcholism

A

mallory bodies - composed of ctyokeratin filaments

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27
Q

mallory bodies

A

ubiquination & autophagia

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28
Q

what tries to refold proteins

A

chaperone hSP

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29
Q

what degreades misfolded proteins?

A

ubiquitin-proteosome system

30
Q

autophagy

A

cells eats its own contents

31
Q

what causes autophagy

A

cell dmg, apop, protein aggre, starvaion, cancer, infection

32
Q

autophagy related genes

A

atg5-atg12 ag16 + cascasde of other genes

33
Q

autophagic vacuole

A

membrane around –>fuses with lysosome to form autophagic vacuole

34
Q

fixation

A

form of cell death that looks diff norm. micro

35
Q

autolysis

A

cells look poorly preserved under micro.

broken down by own enzymes

36
Q

necrosis

A

pathologic

37
Q

apoptosis

A

physio and path

38
Q

autophagy

A

physio and patho

39
Q

types of necrosis

A 
coagulation
liquification
caseous
enzymatic
infarction
ulceration
40
Q

coagulation necrosis

A

proteins denatured
* cytoplasmic eosiphilic
cell becomes tombstone
nucleus is dark

41
Q

caseous necrosis

A

pulmonary tuberoculosis

and looks like cheese

42
Q

enzymatic (fat) necrosis

A

occurs in pancrease
enz destroys tissue
color: white-yellow grossly

43
Q

ulcer is a type of?

A

acute necrosis

44
Q

myocardial infarct

A

acute anteiror wall MI

45
Q

apoptotic cell

A

peripheral condensation of chromatin

eosinophlic cytoplasm

46
Q

apoptotic bodies

A

nuclear fragmentation –> not seen in necrosis

47
Q

histo apoptosis

A

peripherial condensation of chromatin unlike necrosis

48
Q

necrosis vs apop

stimuli:

A

numerous

physio + patho

49
Q

necrosis vs apo

histo

A

coagulation

apoptotic bodies

50
Q

necro vs apop

dna breakdown

A

random

inter nucleosomal

51
Q

necro vs apop

reaction

A

polys

phagocytosis

52
Q

necrosis vs apop

mechanism

A

passive

active

53
Q

cytoplasm changes its characteristics

A

metaplasia

54
Q

numerous causes of cellular swelling

A

cell membrane more permeable
or
fluid extravasation from blood stream into the tissue

55
Q

what is an early response to injury?

A

cell swelling

56
Q

yellow liver due to

A

fatty change

57
Q

color of inclusion ‘hyaline’ material

A

glassy, opazue, amorphous and homegeneous

58
Q

what are mallory bodies composed of?

A

cytokeratin filaments

59
Q

what happens if uniquitination system fails?

A

misfolded protein accumulates

60
Q

necroptosis

A

patholgoic

61
Q

cell necrosis

A

proteins denatures –> turn red (Red is dead)

62
Q

shape of cell necrosis

A

becomes tombstone

63
Q

nucleus of cell necrosis

A

dark dna (pyknosis) then fragments then disappears

64
Q

with reduced blood flow tissue becomes

A

ischemic but reversible

65
Q

ischemia involves single..

A

cells or cell groups but not an entire orgran

66
Q

irreversible damage to tissue

A

infarction

67
Q

ifarction involves large..

A

area and all cells there

68
Q

3 things to cause apoptosis

A

1) tumor necrosis factor –>FAS ligand
2) Survival Facrtors (endonuetrium)
3) Free radicals, ischemia, chemo

69
Q

caspases (3)

A

endonuclease to fracture dna –>fragmentation

70
Q

caspase independent

A

necroptosis

71
Q

what does necroptosis activate

A

two kinases

* RIp1 and RIP3

Patho (9 decks)

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