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Patho > Intro to Hematology > Flashcards

Intro to Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

what is anemia?

A

decrease in the circulating red cell mass

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2
Q

what can anemia cause?

A

tissue hypoxia

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3
Q

Etiology of Anemia

A

blood loss, accelerated rbc destruction, decreased rbc production

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4
Q

Anemia: Morphology of RBCs

A

rbc size and MCV (measured corpuscular volume)

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5
Q

RBC count

A

rbsc per unit volume of blood

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6
Q

hemoglobin measured

A

hgb per volume of blood

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration

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7
Q

hemaocrit

A

packed rbc volume

spun

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8
Q

Rericulocyte count

A

% immature RBcs in peripheral blood

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9
Q

normal reticulocyte %

A

.5 - 2.5%

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10
Q

what causes acute blood loss/

A

trauma

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11
Q

Site of RBC production
Embryo:
Fetus:
Kid:

A

Yolk Sac
Liver
Bone Marrow

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12
Q

Regulation of RBC production

A

tissue hypoxia induced the production of erythropoetin by kidney

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13
Q

Chronic Blood Loss

A

slight reticulocye develops

* no anemia

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14
Q

Most common nutrutiional defiency worldwide

A

iron deficiency

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15
Q

what is iron defiency

A

defect in hb production (hypochromic) rbcs

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16
Q

‘what causes iron defiency

A

chronic blood loss

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17
Q

how does iron get absorbed into marrow?

A

bound to plasma transferin and incorporated into hemoglobin

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18
Q

lab test for iron defiency

A

blood smear, serum iron, serum ferritin, serum transferrin)

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19
Q

Accelerated RBC Destruction

A

inheritired/intrinsic (enzyme disorder)

Extreinsic (antibody)

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20
Q

signs of increased RBC production

A

reticulocytosis

Erythroid hyperplasia of marrow

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21
Q

signs of increased rbc destruction

A

^ LDH
^ serum unconjugated bilrubin
^increased fecal urobilnogen
decreased haptoglobin

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22
Q

hemolysis

* intrinsic

A

hemoglobin disorder, membrane defect
enzyme defiencies

inherited

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23
Q

hemolysis

* extrinisic

A

immune hemolysis
traumatic hemolysis
parasitic hemolysis

acquired

24
Q

what predominates in most forms of hemolytic anemia

A

extravascular hemolysis

25
Q

final common pathway of extravascular hemolysis

A

decreased RBA deformability

26
Q

inheritred enzyme disorder (hemolytis)

A

g6pd deficiency

27
Q

G6pd deficiency

A

x-linked recessive (males)

rbc vulnerable to oxidative stress

28
Q

hemoglobin disorders

A 
structurally abnormal hgb (sickle cell)
strucutrally normal (thalassemia)
29
Q

structure of hemoglobin

A

tetramer of 4 globin chains

30
Q

structural variants (disorder hemoglobin)

A

single amino acid substituion in chain)

31
Q

hemolysis due to imbalance in globin chain production

A

Thalassemias

32
Q

excess globin chains precipitate and damage rbcs

A

thalassemias

33
Q

sickle cell disease

A

point mutation in beta-globin

34
Q

thalaseemias

A

imbalance in globin chain production

35
Q

Traumatic Hemolysis

DIC

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

36
Q

decreased rba production

A

nutrutional defiencies

37
Q

causes Megaloblastic anemia

A
  • various drugs
  • B 12 defiency
  • abnorally large erythroid precursors
38
Q

Causes of B12 deficiency

A 
impaired absorption (pernicious anemia)
inadequte diet
39
Q

Von Willebrand disease

A

decreased levels of qualaive defects of vWF

40
Q

Hemophilla a

A

F VIII defiency

41
Q

hemophillia B

A

F IX deficiency

42
Q

hemo a and b (linked)?

A

x linked recessive

43
Q

acquired bleeding disorder

A

liver disease, anticoagulant therpay, factor inhibtors, DIC

44
Q

hereditary bleeding disorder

A

clotting factor deficiency

45
Q

vessel wall abnormality

A

bleeding disorder

46
Q

decreased platelet #

A

bleeding disordeer

47
Q

abnormaility in clotting factor

A

bleeding disorder

48
Q

coagulation test

A

Prothrombin Time

Partial Thromboplastin Time

49
Q

Prothrombin Time

A

test for extrinsic and common arms of clotting cascade

50
Q

PAartial Thromboplastin Time

A

test for the intrinsic and common pathways of the clotting cascade

51
Q

normal hemostatic response

A

blood vessels
plaelets
clotting factors (in plasma)

52
Q

platelet plug

A

platelet adhesion
platelet activation
platelet aggregation

53
Q

firbin plug

A

requires generation of thrombin via activiation of coagualtion cascade

54
Q

intravascular cell destruction

A

results from breach of membrane in ciruclation

55
Q

extravascular rbc destrcution

A

ingestion by macrophage (spleen) in response to damaged rbc

56
Q

what causes hemoglobin to denature and precipitae in cytoplasm as heinz bodies?

A

g6pd defiency

57
Q

decrease in marrow mass erythoid rbc precursors

A

aplastic anemia

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