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CABS3: Renal and GU > Pathology of Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Pathology of Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hypospadias

A

congenital anomaly - ventral location of the urethral opening
-androgen mediated
urethral groove forms inappropriately and does not close completely

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2
Q

what does hypospadias lead to

A

abnormal or poor stream
increased bed wetting, incomplete voiding
spraying of stream

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3
Q

what is Epispadias

A

urethral opening on the dorsal side of the penis
can lead to incontinence, reflux, UTI

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4
Q

what is phimosis

A

inability to retract the foreskin

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5
Q

what is paraphimosis

A

urologic emergency
entrapment of foreskin in the retracted position

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6
Q

what can paraphimosis lead to

A

tourniquet effect with necrosis of the glans

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7
Q

what is the presentation of paraphimosis

A

presents with pain, edematous pepuce
shaft will be flaccid

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8
Q

where are the stimulation for eerections

A

neurally, may be stimulated leading to reflex arc at S2, S4
centrally in hypothalamus (paraventricular nucleus, autonomic control area) - T11, L2

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9
Q

what increases when ach acts directly on vasculature for erections

A

Nitrous oxide

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10
Q

what is the reason we give men with ED PDE-5 meds

A

issues with Nitric Oxide - decrease vascular pressure - inhability to compress venous structures
-atherosclerosis
-DM

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11
Q

what is ED a warning sign of

A

CVD

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12
Q

What is a fibrous deposition within the tunica albuginea of the shaft of the penis

A

peyronie’s disease

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13
Q

what is an erection lasting longer than 4 hours

A

priapism

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14
Q

what are causes of priapism

A

idiopathic
spinal cord trauma
sick cell disease
tumors
infection
trauma
cocaine
medications (trazadone)

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15
Q

is priapism a emergency

A

yes

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16
Q

what are low flow causes of priapism

A

decreased venous return
elevated pressure may lead to ischemia (compartment syndrome)
meds, sickle cell

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17
Q

what are high flow causes of priapism

A

less common
associated with increase arterial inflow not balanced by venous outflow
associated with trauma
less painful

18
Q

what is the treatment of priapism

A

phenalepherine after the lido/bicarb block

19
Q

What is required for growth of prostate

A

dihydrotesterone (DHT) - metabolite of testosterone

20
Q

what does BPH increase the risk of

A

hematuria
UTI
Pyelonephritis
hydroureter
hydronephrosis

21
Q

what is inflammation of the prostate

A

prostatitis

22
Q

what is the most common cause of prostatitis

A

E. coli - ascending infection

23
Q

what is the presentation of acute bacterial prostatitis

A

presents with sxs of enlarged prostate and infection
fever, perineal pain, dysuria, urinary retention, nocturia, dysorgasmia,
can be bacteremia

24
Q

what is fluid between the parietal layer of tunica vaginalis and visceral layer of tunica vaginalis

A

hydrocele

25
Q

what envelops the testsis

A

tunica vaginalis

26
Q

what population is hydrocele common in

A

newborns

27
Q

what is secondary hydrocele associated with

A

infection or trauma

28
Q

what is dilation of pampiniform plexus vessels

A

varicocele

29
Q

how is varicocele described

A

bag of worms

30
Q

what is the cause of varicocele

A

poorly functioning valves so that venous back flow is not prevented - pooling

31
Q

What is inflammation of the epididymis

A

epididymitis

32
Q

what is epididymitis most commonly associated

A

STI
- N.gonorrhoeae
- C. trachomatis

33
Q

what is the most common pathogen associated with epididymitis in MSM

A

E.coli, H. flu, TB

34
Q

what is the presentation of epididymitis

A

present with scrotal pain/inflammation
typically acute discomfort
+/- pyuria
swelling of epididymis (starts with trail and ascends)
urinary obstruction

35
Q

what are risks with epididymitis

A

abscess, infertility, infarction
scarring can leave lasting problems

36
Q

what is orchitis

A

inflammation of testes

37
Q

what is orchitis associated with

A

bacteremia or direct spread up the urethrae - through prostate - up vas deferens - through eipididymis - testes

38
Q

what is orchitis classically associated with

A

mumps

39
Q

when does orchitis begin after parotitis

A

3-4 days after

40
Q

What is testicular torsion

A

twisting of the testes resulting in rotation and cessation of blood flow from the spermatic cord
urologic emergency

41
Q

what is lost with testicular torsion

A

cremasteric reflex

42
Q

what is the blue dot sign

A

as testes becomes necrotic, the testicular appendage will necrose - become cyanotic

CABS3: Renal and GU (9 decks)

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