1,000ft View Renal and GU System

Question 1

Which kidney is slightly higher

Answer 1

left > right because of the liver

Question 2

what is included in the Hilum

Answer 2

renal artery, vein, lymphatics, nerves, ureter

Question 3

what encases the kidney, capsule and fat pad

Answer 3

renal fascia

Question 4

what does the Outer Cortex contain

Answer 4

glomeruli, proximal tubules and some of distal tubules

Question 5

what does the inner medulla of the kidney contain

Answer 5

8-10 renal pyramids which end at papilla

Question 6

where do the contents fromt he papilla drain

Answer 6

into minjro calices of renal pelvis then into major calices

Question 7

what tapers into the ureter

Answer 7

renal pelvis

Question 8

how many nephrons per kidney

Answer 8

1.2 million

Question 9

at what age do we begin to lose nephrons and how much

Answer 9

> 40 yo and about 10% every 10 years

Question 10

how much of the Cardiac output do the kidneys recieve?

Answer 10

20-25%

Question 11

what is the first big division of the renal artery

Answer 11

anterior and posterior

Question 12

what is the functional unit that filters

Answer 12

nephron

Question 13

where is the renal corpuscle located

Answer 13

within the renal cortex

Question 14

what is included in the renal corpuscle

Answer 14

glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, mesangial cells

Question 15

what is the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus

Answer 15

60 mmHg

Question 16

what covers the vessels in the glomerulus

Answer 16

epithelial cells

Question 17

what are the layers of Bowman’s capsule

Answer 17

parietal epithelial layer - outer layer
visceral epithelial layer - tight around capillaries

Question 18

what is the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries pushed through

Answer 18

podocyte clefts

Question 19

after filtration, what is primarily within the capsular space

Answer 19

urine

Question 20

what is included in the filtration membrane

Answer 20

basememnt membranes, podocytes

Question 21

what is the basement membrane

Answer 21

negatively changed membrane that helps with filtration
prevents proteinuria

Question 22

how much does the kidney filter per day

Answer 22

180L/day

Question 23

what makes up the nephron tubules

Answer 23

bowmans capsule
proximal tubule
loop of Henle
distal tubule
connecting tubule
cortical collecting tubule
8-10 come together to form medullary collecting duct

Question 24

what does the proximal convuluted tubule contain

Answer 24

suboidal cells with brush border

Question 25

what is the electrolyte transport in the proximal convoluted tubules

Answer 25

actively reabsorbs Na+
water follows
Na+ also helps with co-transport of other electrolytes
reabsorbed into peritubular capillaries

Question 26

what occurs wtihin the thin portion of the loop of henle

Answer 26

thin descending permeabile to H20
thin ascending permeable to ions but impermeable to water - allows for hyperosmotic urine

Question 27

what occurs within the thick ascending loop of henle

Answer 27

active transport (ions)

Question 28

what is the number one protein found in the urine

Answer 28

Tamm-Horsfall protein

Question 29

what does Tamm-Horsfall protein bind

Answer 29

uropathogens

Question 30

what occurs in the distal convvoluted tubule

Answer 30

poor permeability to water (unless ADH present)
allows reabsorption of ions (dilutes the urine)
concentration of K+ decided (based on aldoserone)

Question 31

what portion of the kidney has contractile properties

Answer 31

renal pelvis

Question 32

what carries urine from kidney to the bladder

Answer 32

ureters

Question 33

what is the blood supply of the ureters

Answer 33

renal arteries
iliac arteries
abdominal aorta
gonadal arteries
internal iliac

Question 34

what is the nerve innervation of the ureters

Answer 34

10th thoracic nerve root
pain to umbilicus

Question 35

what is the smooth muscle of the bladder described as

Answer 35

“basket weave”

Question 36

where do the ureters insert in the bladder

Answer 36

posterior/inferior with trigone between

Question 37

what is the lining of the urethra

Answer 37

uroepithelium

Question 38

where does the sacral plexus exit and what does it cary

Answer 38

S2/S3
carrying both sensory and motor along pelvic nerve

Question 39

what is the Jaxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 39

area where the afferernt arterioles is in contact wtih ascending loop of henle

Question 40

what does the Jaxtaglomerular apparatus sense

Answer 40

blood pressure to help regulate the Renin release

Question 41

what cells does the Jaxtaglomeruluar aparatus contain

Answer 41

granular cells - smooth muscle cells that sense stretch
macula densa cells (within thick ascending limb)

Question 42

the drop in blood pressure and fluid volume stimulates what to be released

Answer 42

renin from the kidney

Question 43

what is the macula densa

Answer 43

chemoreceptor
mark the end of the ascending thick limb of Henle
begins the distal convoluted tubule

Question 44

what does the macula densa release

Answer 44

adenosine

Question 45

what senses perfusion pressure and secretes renin

Answer 45

glandular cells

Question 46

what does the Macula densa monitor

Answer 46

NaCl concentration in DCT
if decrease - go renin
if increase - suppress renin

Question 47

what does angiotensin II cause

Answer 47

systemic vasoconstriction to elevate BP
constrict the efferent arteriole - increase pressure in glomerular capillaries - maintain GFR

Question 48

what does a systemic decrease in blood pressure cause

Answer 48

baroreceptor stimulation and release of catecholamines