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Moving Exam 1 GO LOOK AT THE OTHER ONE > Pathology muscle > Flashcards

Pathology muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gross features of muscle necrosis?

A

Pallor
Swelling (edema)
White streaks

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2
Q

What are the microscopic features of muscle necrosis?

A

Fragmented sarcoplasm
Hypereosinophilia
Regeneration & fibrosis

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3
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Selenium/vitamine E deficiency?

A

Selenium/vitamin E protects muscle from oxidative injury and without that the high oxygen requirements of muscle makes it susceptible to damage

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4
Q

What do the most common lesions look like and what are the most common muscles affected with selenium/vitamin E deficiency?

A

Lesions are bilateral and appear “white”

Most common muscles affected are tongue, diaphragm, and heart but can affect any skeletal muscle

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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Ionophore?

A

Muscle damage is due to changes in calcium ion channels that results in calcium overload

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6
Q

What are the toxic changes that cause muscle necrosis?

A

Ionophore
Cassia
Adriamycin (chemo drug)

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

The cause of muscle necrosis is sudden exertion

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8
Q

What are the most common muscle affected with Exertional Rhabdomyolysis?

A

Gluteal and lumbar

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9
Q

What is the big clinical finding for exterinal rhabdomyolysis?

A

Myoglobinuria

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10
Q

What is capture myopathy?

A

Capture/restraint of non-domesticated species that produces sudden exertion of muscle and causes acute necrosis

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11
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Exercise leads to muscle swelling which can cause increased intramuscular pressure due to the muscle being enclosed in a fascial sheath and the pressure induced occlusion of blood supply leads to muscle necrosis

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12
Q

What is Downer Syndrome?

A

Cattle become down and their weight cuts off blood supply leading to muscle necrosis.

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13
Q

What are the primary & secondary morphologic features of myositis?

A

Inflammation directed at muscle is primary
muscle necrosis is secondary

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14
Q

What are the primary & secondary morphologic features of muscle necrosis?

A

Necrosis is primary
Inflammation is secondary

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15
Q

What is an example of bacterial myositides?

A

Blackleg

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16
Q

What causes Blackleg in cattle?

A

Clostridium chauvoei

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17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Blackleg?

A

Cattle pick this up from the environment and it remains dormant in their bodies and a traumatic muscle injury (usually from smacking legs against loading chute) leads to localized hypoxia which allows the clostridial spores to germinate

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18
Q

What are the main areas affected by Blackleg and what is a characteristic of the lesions?

A

pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle
gas production that will smell like rancid butter

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19
Q

What is an example of parasitic myositides?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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20
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii leading to myositides?

A

Toxoplasma gondii produces inflammation within lymphocytes, plasma cells and leads to muscle necrosis

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21
Q

What is the best way to definitely diagnose Toxoplasma gondii

A

PCR and immunohistochemistry

22
Q

What is an example of immune-mediated myositides?

A

Polymyositis & Masticatory myositis

23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of polymyositis?

A

Immune mediated inflammation targeting skeletal muscle

24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Masticatory myositis?

A

Antibodies against type 2M myosin protein that targets masseter and temporalis muscle

25
Q

What is the clinical representation of polymyositis?

A

an acute onset or slowly progressive generalized weakness

26
Q

What is the clinical representation of Masticatory myositis?

A

decreased jaw mobility, difficulty eating

Acute= swollen muscle
Chronic= muscle atrophy

27
Q

What is the prefix for striated muscle tumors?

A

Rhabdo

28
Q

What is the prefix for smooth muscle tumors?

A

Leio

29
Q

What are the characteristics of Rhabdomyoma?

A

Benign tumor found in striated muscle

Found in heart of lambs and piglets

Found in Larynx of adult dogs

30
Q

What are the characteristics of Rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Malignant tumor of striated muscles

More common than Rhabdomyoma

Found in urinary bladder of young dogs

ex) Batrioid Rhabdomyosarcoma

31
Q

What are the characteristics of Leiomyoma?

A

Benign tumor found in smooth muscle

Occur mainly in the GI tract and reproductive tract of females

Tan, nodular, firm, well delineated mass

32
Q

What are the characteristics of Leiomyosarcoma?

A

Malignant tumor found in smooth muscle
Can occur in any organ

33
Q

Describe the morphologic features and function of articular cartilage.

A
  • No nerve supply
  • No vascular supply
  • Chondrocytes
  • 70-80% water
  • Collagen
  • proteoglycans
  • Shock absorber
34
Q

c

A

fine interconnecting trabeculae that contain a large calcified cartilage component and is the result of replacement of epiphyseal cartilage by bone through the process of endochondral ossification

34
Q

Describe the morphologic features and function of subchondral bone in immature individuals

A

fine interconnecting trabeculae that contain a large calcified cartilage component and is the result of replacement of epiphyseal cartilage by bone through the process of endochondral ossification

35
Q

Describe the morphologic features and function of subchondral bone in mature individuals

A

composed of interconnecting bone trabeculae located immediately subjacent to the calcified cartilage zone
- Functions as a shock absorber

36
Q

Describe the morphologic features and function of synovium

A
  • Joint fluid
  • Little to no cells present
  • Macrophages can be seen
  • Functions to give nutrients to the articular cartilage and lubrication of the joint
37
Q

Define arthrogryposis

A

Congenital abnormal contracture of the joint

38
Q

Provide a list of differential diagnoses for arthrogrposis

A
  • Sporadic
  • Intrauterine viral infections
  • Hereditary CNS disease
  • Toxic
39
Q

Describe the morphologic features of degenerative joint disease

A
  • Fissure in cartilage
  • Collagen fibers condense and fray
  • Loss of surface cartilage
  • Thinning of the articular cartilage
40
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of degenerative joint disease.

A
  • Chondrocyte damage
  • Proteoglycan depletion
  • Loss of normal articular cartilage viscosity
  • Progressive loss of cartilage due to normal biochemical forces
  • Cytokine/growth factors lead to inflammation
  • Cartilage matrix degradation is greater than repair
  • Leads to further chondrocyte damage
41
Q

Describe the morphologic features and function(s) of osteoblasts.

A
  • Reside on bone surfaces
  • Produce bone matrix (osteoid)
  • Initiates bone mineralization or resorption
42
Q

Describe the morphologic features and function(s) of osteoclasts.

A
  • Multineucleated cells
  • Resorb mineralized bone
43
Q

Describe the morphologic features and function(s) of osteocytes.

A
  • Osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix (lacunae)
  • Detect strain/stress force on bone & signal to osteoblasts to add more or take away more bone
44
Q

What are the morphologic features of compact bone?

A
  • Cortical & subcondral bone
  • Arranged in osteons (haversian canals) looks like Starry Night
  • In the middle of each osteon is an artery, vein & nerve
  • Around each of these canals are the concentrically laminated bands of lamellar bone
45
Q

What are the morphologic features of cancellous bone.

A
  • Medullary cavity
  • Anastomosing cords (trabeculae)
46
Q

How does endochondral ossification form?

A
  • Replacement of cartilage scaffolding in bone
  • Bone grows in length
47
Q

How does intramembranous bone form?

A
  • Replacement of non-cartilaginous (fibrous connective) tissue by bone
  • Bone grows in width
48
Q

What is the sequence of events in endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Resting chondrocytes progress down through the growth plate
  2. Chondrocytes proliferate & undergo mitotic mitosis replication
  3. After proliferation they become hypertrophic
  4. Zones of hypertrophy begins to calcify
49
Q

What is the pathogenesis of embolic osteomyelitis?

A

1) bacteria get stuck in the hairpin loop of the capilaries near the physis of long bone

2) Pus forms from the bacteria encroaching on the physis
3) Sequestrum can occur
4)Bacteria continue to invade and eventually infect the joint space itself

Moving Exam 1 GO LOOK AT THE OTHER ONE (8 decks)

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