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Moving Exam 1 GO LOOK AT THE OTHER ONE > Bacteriology-Muscle > Flashcards

Bacteriology-Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of Clostridium sp.?

A

Gram + anaerobic rods

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2
Q

What species of Clostridium causes gas gangrene?

A

Clostridium perfringens and C. septicum

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3
Q

What is the source of gas gangrene?

A

GIT of all animals, soil as vegetative bacteria or spores, latent spores found in tissue

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4
Q

How is gas gangrene transmitted?

A

direct inoculation of spores into wounds or other trauma

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5
Q

What species of Clostridium causes Black Leg?

A

Clostridium chauvoei

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6
Q

What is the source of Black leg?

A

spores in the environment

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7
Q

What species of Clostridium causes Black disease ?

A

Clostridium novyi

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8
Q

What is the source of Black disease?

A

F. hepatica (liver fluke)

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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Gas gangrene?

A

Spores enter a wound, often secondary to trauma or are in latent tissue, exotoxins are produced & cause muscle necrosis

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10
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Black leg?

A

Latent spores enter site of muscle damage and cause muscle necrosis

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11
Q

What are the clinico-pathological signs of Gas gangrene?

A

Plaque of edema associated with endothelial damage

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12
Q

What are the clinico-pathological signs of Black leg?

A

Lameness, loss of appetite, increased HR and RR and febrile, swelling of affected areas which is hot, painful and spongy and gaseous

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12
Q

What are the clinico-pathological signs of Black leg?

A

Lameness, loss of appetite, increased HR and RR and febrile, swelling of affected areas which is hot, painful and spongy and gaseous

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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Black disease?

A

Liver fluke in liver causes damage and C. novyi spores germinate and cause necrosis

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14
Q

What are the clinico-pathological signs of Black disease?

A

Swollen liver with the presence of mature liver flukes, impression smear, SQ edema and blackening of the skin

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15
Q

What are the role of exotoxins in Black disease?

A

cause further damage and capillary permeability, damage to muscles including heart, congestion of SQ vessels, lyses RBCs

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16
Q

What would we use to diagnose an clostridial infection?

A

History & clinical signs
FNA
Culture
Fluorescent antibody test on impression smears

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17
Q

What are the therapeutic strategies for histotoxic clostridial infections?

A

Aggressive debridement (most important)

Treat with Penicillin (all clostridia are sensitive) or metronidazole

Oxygen therapy to oxygenate these tissues

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18
Q

What control measures you would recommend to prevent histotoxic clostridial infections?

A

Minimize things that predispose to these types of infections
- Control of liver fluke
- Multi-use preparations
- Poor hygiene

19
Q

What is arthritis?

A

swelling, tenderness, inflammation of one or more joint

20
Q

What are the routes of infection for arthritis?

A

Localized soft tissue infection that has spread to the joint

Direct inoculation into the joint itself

Bone infection that has spread to the joint

Hematogenous infection

21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of mono-arthritis caused by infectious agents?

A

Usually from direct inoculation into the joint

Inflammation from surrounding bone or tissue

22
Q

What is the pathogenesis of poly-arthritis caused by infectious agents?

A

Septic infection

23
Q

Outline a general diagnostic approach to infections of joints.

A
  • CBC + blood smear
  • Radiographs/Ultrasound
  • Synovial fluid analysis
  • Immunological/Serological tests
  • Culture of joint fluid
24
Q

Outline a general therapeutic approach to infections of joints.

A
  • Antibiotics (Penicillin)
  • Management (Reduce predisposing factors for transmission & disease)
  • Vaccines
25
Q

What is the morphology and gram reaction of Erysipelothrix?

A
  • Morphology: Short rods
  • Gram reaction: Gram +
  • Facultative anaerobic
26
Q

What is the morphology and gram reaction of borrelia?

A
  • Morphology: Spirochetes
  • Gram reaction: Gram –
  • Microaerophilic
27
Q

Where is Erysipelothrix found?

A

isolatd from a wide variety of environmental settings

GIT & mucous membranes of many different mammals & birds

Tonsils of healthy pigs primary reservoir

28
Q

How is Erysipelothrix transmitted to domestic species

A

Feco-oral
Urine-oral
Saliva-oral

29
Q

What are the role of Erysipelothrix virulence factors

A

Facultative intracellular

Adherence to endothelial cells

Neuraminidase which causes hemolysis, vascular damage, coagulopathy & thrombus formation

30
Q

What are the major organs effected by Erysipelothrix?

A

Musculoskeletal
Vascular
Endothelial

31
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Erysipelothrix?

A

Septicemia
Diamond skin disease
Arthritis
Endocarditis

32
Q

Where is Borellia found?

A

Ixodes ticks & small rodents

33
Q

How is Borellia transmitted to domestic species?

A

Ixodes tick (nymphs) carrying B. burgdorferi bite canine

34
Q

What are the role of Borellia virulence factors?

A

Motility
Resistance to host innate immunity
LPS analog which elicits inflammatory response
Outer surface proteins (used in diagnosis)

35
Q

What are the major organs effected by Borellia?

A

Skeletal system
Kidneys
Lymphnodes

36
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Borellia?

A

Dogs
- Lameness (shifting leg lameness))
- Lymphadenopathy
- Fever

Horses
- Low grade/sporadic fever
- Sifting leg lameness +/- swollen joints
- Myositis
- Encephalitis
- Uveitis

37
Q

Describe your approach to diagnosis of infections caused by Erysipelothrix.

A
  • History, clinical signs, species
  • Obtain samples from lesions
     Joint lesions, blood, skin, or post-mortem specimens
  • Gram stain/stiff quick
  • To confirm diagnosis
     Aerobic culture
38
Q

Describe your approach to diagnosis of infections caused by Borrelia .

A
  • History (geographical area)
  • Serology (the best way)
  • Direct observation or staining of tissues or fluids
  • Isolation of bacterial from skin biopsy
39
Q

Identify the therapeutic and preventative strategies for Erysipelothrix.

A
  • Penicillin
     Treatment is often not effective in chronic cases because the infections are widely disseminated, &/or in locations that are difficult to treat
  • Management
     Reduce predisposing factors (overcrowding, poor hygiene)
     Cull chronically infected animals
  • Vaccines
40
Q

Identify the therapeutic and preventative strategies for Borellia.

A
  • Tetracycline for 30 days
  • Re-evaluate after 30 days and then again at 3-6 months
  • Urinalysis (lyme nephritis)
  • If there is lyme nephritis then use antibiotic and immunosuppressive drugs
  • Tick control
  • +/- vaccine if in an endemic area
41
Q

Define osteomyelitis.

A

inflammation of the cortical bone, medullary cavity & periosteum

42
Q

Define diskospondylitis.

A

is a concurrent infection of the intervertebral disks & adjacent endplates

43
Q

What is the role of biofilms in the development & continuation of osteomyelitis?

A
  • They protect bacteria from antibodies, phagocytes & antibacterial
  • Bacteria can co-exist & replicate in the biofilms resulting in mixed infections
44
Q

Develop a diagnostic plan for osteomyelitis

A

o Histroy
o PE
o Culture give a definitive diagnosis
o Radiographs
o Lab findings are non specific

45
Q

Discuss the important therapeutic principles for osteomyelitis

A
  • Antibiotics with antimicrobial susceptibility testing
  • Local treatments (Debridement & Fracture stabilization)

Moving Exam 1 GO LOOK AT THE OTHER ONE (8 decks)

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