Bacteriology-Muscle

Question 1

What are the characteristics of Clostridium sp.?

Answer 1

Gram + anaerobic rods

Question 2

What species of Clostridium causes gas gangrene?

Answer 2

Clostridium perfringens and C. septicum

Question 3

What is the source of gas gangrene?

Answer 3

GIT of all animals, soil as vegetative bacteria or spores, latent spores found in tissue

Question 4

How is gas gangrene transmitted?

Answer 4

direct inoculation of spores into wounds or other trauma

Question 5

What species of Clostridium causes Black Leg?

Answer 5

Clostridium chauvoei

Question 6

What is the source of Black leg?

Answer 6

spores in the environment

Question 7

What species of Clostridium causes Black disease ?

Answer 7

Clostridium novyi

Question 8

What is the source of Black disease?

Answer 8

F. hepatica (liver fluke)

Question 9

What is the pathogenesis of Gas gangrene?

Answer 9

Spores enter a wound, often secondary to trauma or are in latent tissue, exotoxins are produced & cause muscle necrosis

Question 10

What is the pathogenesis of Black leg?

Answer 10

Latent spores enter site of muscle damage and cause muscle necrosis

Question 11

What are the clinico-pathological signs of Gas gangrene?

Answer 11

Plaque of edema associated with endothelial damage

Question 12

What are the clinico-pathological signs of Black leg?

Answer 12

Lameness, loss of appetite, increased HR and RR and febrile, swelling of affected areas which is hot, painful and spongy and gaseous

Question 12

What are the clinico-pathological signs of Black leg?

Answer 12

Lameness, loss of appetite, increased HR and RR and febrile, swelling of affected areas which is hot, painful and spongy and gaseous

Question 13

What is the pathogenesis of Black disease?

Answer 13

Liver fluke in liver causes damage and C. novyi spores germinate and cause necrosis

Question 14

What are the clinico-pathological signs of Black disease?

Answer 14

Swollen liver with the presence of mature liver flukes, impression smear, SQ edema and blackening of the skin

Question 15

What are the role of exotoxins in Black disease?

Answer 15

cause further damage and capillary permeability, damage to muscles including heart, congestion of SQ vessels, lyses RBCs

Question 16

What would we use to diagnose an clostridial infection?

Answer 16

History & clinical signs
FNA
Culture
Fluorescent antibody test on impression smears

Question 17

What are the therapeutic strategies for histotoxic clostridial infections?

Answer 17

Aggressive debridement (most important)

Treat with Penicillin (all clostridia are sensitive) or metronidazole

Oxygen therapy to oxygenate these tissues

Question 18

What control measures you would recommend to prevent histotoxic clostridial infections?

Answer 18

Minimize things that predispose to these types of infections
- Control of liver fluke
- Multi-use preparations
- Poor hygiene

Question 19

What is arthritis?

Answer 19

swelling, tenderness, inflammation of one or more joint

Question 20

What are the routes of infection for arthritis?

Answer 20

Localized soft tissue infection that has spread to the joint

Direct inoculation into the joint itself

Bone infection that has spread to the joint

Hematogenous infection

Question 21

What is the pathogenesis of mono-arthritis caused by infectious agents?

Answer 21

Usually from direct inoculation into the joint

Inflammation from surrounding bone or tissue

Question 22

What is the pathogenesis of poly-arthritis caused by infectious agents?

Answer 22

Septic infection

Question 23

Outline a general diagnostic approach to infections of joints.

Answer 23

• CBC + blood smear
• Radiographs/Ultrasound
• Synovial fluid analysis
• Immunological/Serological tests
• Culture of joint fluid

Question 24

Outline a general therapeutic approach to infections of joints.

Answer 24

- Antibiotics (Penicillin) - Management (Reduce predisposing factors for transmission & disease) - Vaccines

Question 25

What is the morphology and gram reaction of Erysipelothrix?

Answer 25

- Morphology: Short rods - Gram reaction: Gram + - Facultative anaerobic

Question 26

What is the morphology and gram reaction of borrelia?

Answer 26

- Morphology: Spirochetes - Gram reaction: Gram – - Microaerophilic

Question 27

Where is Erysipelothrix found?

Answer 27

isolatd from a wide variety of environmental settings GIT & mucous membranes of many different mammals & birds Tonsils of healthy pigs primary reservoir

Question 28

How is Erysipelothrix transmitted to domestic species

Answer 28

Feco-oral Urine-oral Saliva-oral

Question 29

What are the role of Erysipelothrix virulence factors

Answer 29

Facultative intracellular Adherence to endothelial cells Neuraminidase which causes hemolysis, vascular damage, coagulopathy & thrombus formation

Question 30

What are the major organs effected by Erysipelothrix?

Answer 30

Musculoskeletal Vascular Endothelial

Question 31

What are the clinical signs associated with Erysipelothrix?

Answer 31

Septicemia Diamond skin disease Arthritis Endocarditis

Question 32

Where is Borellia found?

Answer 32

Ixodes ticks & small rodents

Question 33

How is Borellia transmitted to domestic species?

Answer 33

Ixodes tick (nymphs) carrying B. burgdorferi bite canine

Question 34

What are the role of Borellia virulence factors?

Answer 34

Motility Resistance to host innate immunity LPS analog which elicits inflammatory response Outer surface proteins (used in diagnosis)

Question 35

What are the major organs effected by Borellia?

Answer 35

Skeletal system Kidneys Lymphnodes

Question 36

What are the clinical signs associated with Borellia?

Answer 36

Dogs - Lameness (shifting leg lameness)) - Lymphadenopathy - Fever Horses - Low grade/sporadic fever - Sifting leg lameness +/- swollen joints - Myositis - Encephalitis - Uveitis

Question 37

Describe your approach to diagnosis of infections caused by Erysipelothrix.

Answer 37

- History, clinical signs, species - Obtain samples from lesions  Joint lesions, blood, skin, or post-mortem specimens - Gram stain/stiff quick - To confirm diagnosis  Aerobic culture

Question 38

Describe your approach to diagnosis of infections caused by Borrelia .

Answer 38

- History (geographical area) - Serology (the best way) - Direct observation or staining of tissues or fluids - Isolation of bacterial from skin biopsy

Question 39

Identify the therapeutic and preventative strategies for Erysipelothrix.

Answer 39

- Penicillin  Treatment is often not effective in chronic cases because the infections are widely disseminated, &/or in locations that are difficult to treat - Management  Reduce predisposing factors (overcrowding, poor hygiene)  Cull chronically infected animals - Vaccines

Question 40

Identify the therapeutic and preventative strategies for Borellia.

Answer 40

- Tetracycline for 30 days - Re-evaluate after 30 days and then again at 3-6 months - Urinalysis (lyme nephritis) - If there is lyme nephritis then use antibiotic and immunosuppressive drugs - Tick control - +/- vaccine if in an endemic area

Question 41

Define osteomyelitis.

Answer 41

inflammation of the cortical bone, medullary cavity & periosteum

Question 42

Define diskospondylitis.

Answer 42

is a concurrent infection of the intervertebral disks & adjacent endplates

Question 43

What is the role of biofilms in the development & continuation of osteomyelitis?

Answer 43

- They protect bacteria from antibodies, phagocytes & antibacterial - Bacteria can co-exist & replicate in the biofilms resulting in mixed infections

Question 44

Develop a diagnostic plan for osteomyelitis

Answer 44

o Histroy o PE o Culture give a definitive diagnosis o Radiographs o Lab findings are non specific

Question 45

Discuss the important therapeutic principles for osteomyelitis

Answer 45

- Antibiotics with antimicrobial susceptibility testing - Local treatments (Debridement & Fracture stabilization)