Clinical Pathology Flashcards
Which enzymes increase in the serum due to cell leakage/injury?
AST, CK, ALT, SDH, LDH, AMS, LPS
What can cause enzyme elevation due to leakage/injury?
A few cells have been severly injured or a bunch of cells have been injured just a little
Which enzymes increase in the serum due to cell production/induction?
GGT (large animals) and ALKP
What can cause enzyme elevation due to production/induction?
up regulation and expression due to endogenous factors
What tissue is ALT specific for and how long is its half-life?
Liver
2-3 days
What tissue is AST specific for and how long is its half-life?
Muscle and Liver
~12 hrs small animals and 50 hrs large animals
What tissue is CK specific for and how long is its half-life?
Skeletal muscle
2-3 hours
What pre-analytical factors falsely increase ALT?
Hemolysis
Anticonvulsants & steroids
Hyperthyroidism
What pre-analytical factors falsely increase AST?
Hemolysis
What pre-analytical factors falsely increase CK?
Hemolysis
Very young animals
What distinguishes hematuria from hemoglobinuria & myoglobinuria?
RBC in the urine and observed under a microscope
What distinguishes hemoglobinuria from hematuria & myoglobinuria?
Hemoglobinemia present (red plasma)
Red/brown urine
What distinguishes myoglobinuria from hemoglobinuria & hematuria?
No hemoglobinemia present
Red/brown urine
Nephrotoxic
What are the other serum biomarkers of muscle injury?
Hyperkalemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hyponatremia
Hypochloridemia
Hypocalcemia
What markers will be increased and decreased in muscle injury that will be in the serum?
Increased CK, AST< potassium, myoglobin, and phosphorus
Decreased sodium/chloride, and calcium
