Pathology - Injury, death, and adaptation Flashcards
2 ways a cell can die
necrosis and adoptosis
What causes cell injury?
Victorian
V-Vascular
Infectious
CHemical
Trauma-Temperature
Ospital
Radiation
Inhereted
Autoimmune
Nutritional
The cellular responsae to injury depends on the:
- Severity/intensity/duration & nature of the injurious agent
- the nature and genetic background of the cell
What is a reversible cell injury
Change in function and cellular moirphology in response to an injurious agent that return to normal after removal of the injurious agent
Macroscopic (gross findings) findings when reversible cell injured?
- increased organ weight
- pale with increased turgor (swollen)
Light microscopic findings when reversible cell injury
-Cellular swelling
-Blebbing of plasma membrane
-Hydropic change/vacuolar degeneration
-Fatty change
Ultrastructural (electron microscopy) findings when reversible injured cell
- Plasma membrane damage
- Mitochondrial swelling
- Dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum
- Detachment of ribosomes
/
What happens on the right picture? What are we seeing on the left one?
Surface blebbing, eosinophilia, and cell swelling
- left one: normal renal tubules
What is necrosis
Necrosis: Pathologic rapid, uncontrollable cell death in response to severe or persistent injury
macroscopic (gross) patterns of necrosis (high yield) (5)
- Coagulative necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Caseous Necrosis
- Fat necrosis
- Fibrinoid Necrosis
Findings in coagulative necrosis
- cellular outline is maintained
- protein degradation
Liquefactive necrosis findings
- loss of cellular outlines
- enzymatic digestion and inflammation (pus)
Caseous necrosis findings
- special type of necrosis in mycobacterial infection
- amorphous granular debris surrounded by granulomatous inflammation
Fat necrosis findinds
- fat destroyed through action of lipases
- grossly appears as chalky areas
Looks pale pink, with a rim of blood. in liquifactive necrosis there is a lot of blue - in coagul
what kind of necrosis
what kind of necrosis
liqufactive necrosis
What kind of necrosis
on the left: cheese like necrosis - lymph node with caseous necrosis
on the right: necrotizing granulomas
(its a lymph node, but no way to figure out what it is0 what kind of necrosis?
Caseous Necrosis
With granulomatis inflammation = macrophages inflammation
What kind of necrosis
Fat necrosis
Light Microscopy findings – Cytoplasmic Changes when necrosis
Increased eosinophilia
Hyaline Change
Vacuolation
Calcification
Light Microscopy findings – Nuclear Changes when necrosis
- Karyolysis : loss of basophilia due to breakdown of DNA
- Karyorrhexis : nuclear fragmentation
- Pyknosis - shrinkage of the nucleous and increased basophilia due to DNA condensation
- Complete loss of nucleus
Definition of aptotosis
Programmed cell death involved in both pathologic and physiologic processes