Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AA-Bloc A - Molecules to global health > Hematology - intro > Flashcards

Hematology - intro Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Blood drive : name the main steps from user questionnaire to packed RBC ready to use in hospitals

A
  1. donor questionnaire
  2. testing of donor Hgb
  3. donor self exclusion question
  4. filtered as soon as returns to blood center to remove lymphocytes
  5. testes for multiple infectious disease
  6. Centrifuged to separate into Packed RBCs, platelets and plasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What contains a PRBC (packed RBC)

A
  • concentrated RBCs (plasma mostly removed)
  • anti-coagulant and preservative
  • hematocrit higher then in vivo blood
  • shelf life 42 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What contains fresh frozen plasma

A
  • 1 unit/mL of all clotting factor including labile factor V and VII
  • 400mg fibrinogen
  • citrate as anticoagulant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where do platelets come from

A

from megakaryocytes in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

is there a nuclei in platelets?

A

no, anuclear cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

role of platelets

A

interact with proteins from coagulation cascade and lead to blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

main function of RBC

A

carry oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

characteristics of RBC

A
  • biconcave disks
  • bags of Hb, few organelles
  • anucleate
  • outnumber white cells 1000:1
  • contain the plasma membrane pritein spectrin and other proteins
  • major factor contributing to blood viscosity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which form of Hb can unload oxygen to peripheral tissues

A

Oxygenated hemoglobin are in relaxed state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the oxygen dissociation curve

A
  • At higher partial pressures of O2 (lungs) more Hgb is oxygenated
    -At lower partial pressures of O2 (capillaries) Hgb less saturated so off loads oxyge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is measured in a CBC

A
  • white blood cells (neutrophils/lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, blasts)
  • Red blood cell count/Hb/RBC indices
  • Platelet count
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how to define anemia in a CBC

A

RBC number, hemoglobin or hematocrit below the normal range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells. Two alpha chain and two beta chains. Four heme groupes which carry O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which hb chain is affected in sickle cell?

A

mutation in beta chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which hb chain is affected in thalassemia?

A

defect in production of alpha or beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is hematocrit

A

percentage of red blood cells in a known volume of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a reticulocytes

A

immature RBCs which still contain robosomal RNA. These normally circulate in the peropheral blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is MCV

A

Meac red blood cell volume: average size of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 types of abnormal MCV

A

microcytosis or macrocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

6 steps to normal herythropoiesis

A
  1. pronormoblast
  2. basophilic normoblast
  3. poly-chromatophilic normoblast
  4. ortho-chromatic normoblast
  5. reticulocyte
  6. red blood cells

steps 1 to 4 happen in the bone marrow and 5-6 in the blood

21
Q

which hormone controls erythropoiesis ?

A

erythropoietin a hormone produced by the renal tubule cells which sense the O2 level in the blood

22
Q

Systemic response to compensate anemia

A
  1. renal tubular cells increase the production of erythropoietin
  2. the bone marrow should increase RBC production
  3. The number of reticulocytes in the blood should increase
23
Q

2 only options to explain anemia (general)

A

-upset in the balance of RBC production
- RBC destruction or loss

24
Q

6 specific causes of anemia

A
  1. deficiency of building block for RBCs
  2. Congenital abnormality of the content of RBC
  3. Abnormality in the production site of RBC
  4. loss of RBC (bleesing)
  5. Decreased lifespan of red blood cells in the circulation (hemolysis)
  6. chronic illness: suppressed erythropoiesis
25
Q

function of iron and where it is stored

A

part of the heme group, shich carries oxygen. stored in the form of ferritin

26
Q

Role of B12 and Folate

A

B12 : vitamin essential for DNA synthesis
Folate: vitamin essential for DNA synthesis

27
Q

what could explain abnormality in the production site of RBC

A

empty bone marrow (aplastic anemia), leukemia, pymphoma, cancer

28
Q

kind of renal disease that could cause anemia

A

renal disease (cant secrete erythropoietin) or other diseases lead to cytokine and bone marrow suppression

29
Q

where is thalassemia more common

A

Mediterranean and equatorial regions of Asia and Africa.

30
Q

where is sickle cell anemia most common

A

african descent

31
Q

G6Pd deficiency

A

african, mediterranean, asian descent

32
Q

what can lead to b12 dificiency

A

vegetarian diet. and poor diet may lead to folate deficiency

33
Q

signs of anemia

A

pallor, nails changes, tachycardia

34
Q

one sign of rapid hemolysis

A

jaundice

35
Q

What information does the reticulocytes count give?

A

The retic count give indirect information on the bone marrow’s ability to respond to anemia

if anemia and increased retic : bone marrow is functioning normally suggesting bleeding or hemolysis

if anemia and normal or decreased retic: abnormal erythropoiesis or bone marrow dysfunction

36
Q

What can lead to megaloblastic anemia (macrocytosis, MCV > 95)

A

abnormality in DNA synthesis, vitamin b12 deficiency, folate deficiency, drugs (chemotherapy drugs)

37
Q

what type of anemia presents with: low MCV, normal MCV, high MCV

A
38
Q

other lab test that can be ordered to investigate anemia (other than CBC)

A
  • Iron studies: ferritin, serum iron, %sat, liver function test, renal function test, thyroid function
  • B12/folate levels
  • hb electrophoresis
  • bone marrow aspirate and biopsy
39
Q

what means hemolysis

A

increased breakdown of red blood cells. An elevated reticulocyte count is often the first clue

40
Q

Hemolysis refers to the breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), and it can be classified based on the underlying cause of the RBC destruction. name 4

A
  1. extra-corpuscular
  2. red blood cell membrane
  3. hemoglobin
  4. enzyme defects
41
Q

explain what extra-corpuscular hemolysis is

A

This term refers to causes of hemolysis that are related to external factors outside the RBC itself. Examples include mechanical destruction from artificial heart valves or shear stress in the bloodstream.

42
Q

examples of red cell membrane defect that cause hemolysis

A

hereditarry elliptocytosis
hereditary spherocytosis

43
Q

examples of hemoglobin defect that cause hemolysis

A

sickle cell, thalassemia

44
Q

examples of enzyme defect defect that cause hemolysis

A

G6PD deficiency, pyruvate kinase deficiency

45
Q

A 23 year old female presents to your office because of fatigue and palpitations. You note pallor and koilonychia on physical exam:

Laboratory: WBC 6.5 x 109/L
Hgb 107 g/L (120-160 g/L)
MCV 78 fl (80-95 fl)
Plt 450 x 109/L

A

Microcytic anemia

46
Q

differential for microcytic anemia

A

iron deficiency, thalassemia, chronic disease

47
Q

An 81 year old gentleman is referred for investigation of anemia prior to heart surgery: you note mild jaundice and a palpable spleen on examination

Laboratory: WBC 6.5 x 109/L
Hgb 85 g/L (120-160 g/L)
MCV 102 fl (80-95 fl)
Plt 350 x 109/L

A

Macrocytic anemia

48
Q

diffential for macrocytic anemia

A

Megalloblastic Vit B12 def
Folate def
Drugs
Myelodysplastic Non-megalloblastic: Reticulocytosis
Liver disease
Thyroid disease

49
Q
A

AA-Bloc A - Molecules to global health (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions