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AA-Bloc A - Molecules to global health > Embryology - Formation of embryonic germ layers > Flashcards

Embryology - Formation of embryonic germ layers Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the gastrulation

A

Bilaminar disc is converted into trilaminar disc (3 germ layers)

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2
Q

What is called the 3 germ layers?

A

Gastrula

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3
Q

What is the morphogenesis

A

the development of the body, the most vulnerable period

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4
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Axial orientation is established around which the axial skeletal forms

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5
Q

What marks the 3rd week period?

A

The beginning of the Embryonic period

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6
Q

What are Somites

A

(soma: body) responsible of the segmental development of embryonic body walls

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7
Q

What is the neurulation?

A

Neural plate appears and folds into neural tube

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8
Q

What is the neural tube

A

The primordium of the central nervous system

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9
Q

What is the intraembryonic coelom ?

A

Initiate the formation of body cavities

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10
Q

What is the implantation bleeding and when does it happen?

A

3rd week coincides with 1st missed menstrual period (5weeks after first day of the last normal menstrual period): Error in determining delivery date (before ultrasound datation)

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11
Q

During gastrulation:

  • what is the first sign of gastrulation and what does it create?
A

Migration of epiblastic cells towards the midline (caudal to cranially), creates the primitive streak

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12
Q

During gastrulation:

What defines the primitive streak?

A

defines the bilateral symmetry (cranial/caudal, ventral/dorsal, and the rght/left)

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13
Q

During gastrulation:

what is the primitive node

A

cells who proliferate at the cranial end to form the primitive node

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13
Q

During gastrulation:

What is the primitive pit?

A

Invagination of epiblastic cells from primitive streak & node creates the primitive pit

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14
Q

During gastrulation:

What is primitive groove

A

when the primitive pit leaves a groove as it progresses cranially

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15
Q

How do you call the migrating epiblastic cells and what does it give rise to?

A

Mesenchymal cells

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16
Q

During gastrulation:

What happens when the epiblastic cells migrate medial to latero-cephalic between epiblast and hypoblast layers?

A

It forms a 3rd layer called intraembryonic mesoderm

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17
Q

During gastrulation:

what is created when migrating epiblastic cells displace and replace hypoblast cells?

A

Embryonic endoderm

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18
Q

There are 2 zones where ectoderm and endoderm remain fused (no mesoderm), what are they

A
  1. Prechordal plate
  2. Cloacal membrane
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19
Q

During gastrulation:

What will arise from prechordal plate

A

It will give rise to oropharyngeal membrane (future site of oral cavity)

20
Q

During gastrulation:

What will arise from cloacal membrane

A

future site urogenital meatus and anus

21
Q

High yield slide that describes gastrulation in brief (to review only)

A
22
Q

What happens when the intraembryonic mesoderm reaches the margin of the emryonic disc?

A

it fuses with the extraembryonic mesoderm

23
Q

So, in review. What are the 3 layers of the trilaminar embryoninc disc and from which cells they all come?

A
  • embryonic ectoderm
  • intraembryoninc mesoderm
  • embryoninc endoderm

All coming from the epiblast

24
Q

What arises from embryonic ectoderm?

A

epidermis, central & peripheral nervous system, eyes & internal ears, neural crest cell & many connective tissue of the head

25
Q

What arises from intraembryoninc mesoderm

A

skeletal muscles & connective tissue, blood cells, lining of blood vessels, viscera’ smooth muscles

26
Q

What arises from embryonic endoderm

A

Gives rise to: epithelial linings of respiratory & digestive tracts, including associated glands

27
Q

What happens if primitive streak persist?

A

Cacrococcygeal teratoma - most common tumor in neonates - contains tissues derived from the 3 germ layers, varying stages of differentiation

28
Q

Explain the notochordal process and how it becomes the notochordal plate

A

hollowed cord formed medially by mesenchymal cells migrating from primitive node & pit,

Elongate cranially between ectoderm & endoderm to prechordal plate (signaling center for cranial development)

Will undergo changes to end as a flattened grooved plate: notochordal plate

29
Q

what happens at the cranial end of the embryo when the notochordal plate proliferates and infolds?

A

Creates the notochord

30
Q

What it the notochord?

A
  • Provides signals for the development of axial musculoskeletal system.
  • Will induce overlying ectoderm to thicken & form the neural plate (CNS)
  • Defines the primordial longitudinal axis of embryo, and some rigidity
31
Q

What gives rise to somites?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

32
Q

what arises from intermediate mesoderm?

A

urogenital system

33
Q

what arises from lateral mesoderm + ectoderm?

A

Intraembryonic somatic mesoderm: anterior body wall
- + endoderm: Intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm: digestive tube wall

34
Q

Role of somites?

A

give rise to most of axial skeleton, muscles, dermis of associated metamerix segments

35
Q

What can determine the embryo’s age around 4-5 wks?

A

The somites

36
Q

3 steps of the formation of the neural tube

A
  1. notochord to neural plate
  2. invagination of the neural plate around its central axis and creates neural groove with neural folds
  3. neural folds begin to fuse and creates the neural tube
37
Q

First sign of brain development

A

neural folds becomes prominent at cranial end

38
Q

what arises from neural crest cells?

A

Spinal & autonomic nervous system ganglia
Suprarenal medulla, other organs & tissue

39
Q

Is the neural tube seperated from the ectoderm?

A

Yes

40
Q

When is neurulation completed?

A

end of 4th week

41
Q

what can result from disturbance of the neurulation process6

A

brain deffect and spinal chord deffects (anencephaly, spina bifida)

42
Q

Intraembryoninc ceolom in brief

A

dividing the lateral mesoderm into 2 parts:

  1. Intraembryonic somatic (parietal) mesoderm: with ectoderm form the body wall or somatopleure
  2. Intraembryonic splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm: with endoderm form embryonic gut or splanchnopleure

Will result in the formation of body cavities

43
Q

What is the most common teratogen

A

Alcohol, vulnerability between weeks 4-8

44
Q

What is the mos common cause of nonheritable intellectual disability

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

45
Q

what is a teratogen

A

agent or factor causing abnormal embryonic and fetal development

46
Q

what are the specific pattern of minor facial features of FASD

A

small eyes, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip

47
Q

Central nervous system symptoms from FASD

A

Cognition, motor coordination, attention, language development, executive functions, memory, social perception and emotion processing are impaired to a variable extent

AA-Bloc A - Molecules to global health (16 decks)

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