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MODULE 2 - Natural Defences > PATHOLOGY - Inflammation > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY - Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six key clinical signs of inflammation?

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
Pyrexia

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2
Q

What causes the redness seen with inflammation?

A

Redness associated with inflammation is due to vasodilation

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3
Q

What causes the heat seen with inflammation?

A

Heat associated with inflammation is due to vasodilation

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4
Q

What causes swelling associated with inflammation?

A

Swelling associated with inflammation is due to increased capillary permeability

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5
Q

What causes the pain associated with inflammation?

A

Pain associated with inflammation is caused by the swelling exerting pressure on free nerve endings

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6
Q

What causes the loss of function associated with inflammation?

A

Loss of function associated with inflammation is caused by the pain which reduces function, allowing time to heal

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7
Q

What are the three main benefits of inflammation?

A

Dilutes/inactivates toxins and pathogens
Reduces function to allow time for healing
Increases temperature to induce vasodilation and inhibit the replication of pathogens

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8
Q

What is the disadvantage of inflammation?

A

Prolonged or excessive inflammation can cause tissue damage

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9
Q

What are the four inflammatory stimuli?

A

Infectious agents
Microbial toxins
Tissue damage
Foreign bodies

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10
Q

Describe the vascular response to inflammatory stimuli

A

The vascular response consists of initial transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation to increase local blood flow. This is followed by increased vascular permeability to allow for leukocyte recruitment

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11
Q

What causes the initial, transient vasoconstriction seen in the vascular response to inflammatory stimuli?

A

Endothelial cell contraction

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12
Q

What mediates endothelial cell contraction?

A

Endothelial cell contraction is mediated by histamine

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13
Q

What prolongs vascular permeability seen in the vascular response to inflammatory stimuli?

A

Endothelial cell retraction

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14
Q

What mediates endothelial cell retraction?

A

Endothelial cell retraction is mediated by cytokines

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15
Q

What is leukocyte mediated endothelial cell injury?

A

Leukocyte mediated endothelial cell injury is seen in the later stages of inflammation where the leukocytes can secrete toxic mediators which can cause damage to the endothelial cells

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16
Q

What are five of the cell-derived inflammatory mediators?

A

Vasoactive enzymes
Arachidonic acid
Cytokines
Chemokines
Histamine

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17
Q

What are three of the plasma protein inflammatory mediators?

A

Complement
Coagulation cascade
Kinin system

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18
Q

What is the importance of mast cells in inflammation?

A

Mast cells are an important source of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, cytokines and chemokines

19
Q

What is transudate?

A

Transudate is leaked clear/yellowish fluid containing water, electrolytes and very few proteins

20
Q

What causes transudate to be leaked?

A

Transudate is leaked due to conditions which cause an increase in hydrostatic pressure and a decrease in oncotic pressure

21
Q

What is exudate?

A

Exudate is leaked fluid containing water, electrolytes, high numbers of proteins and cells (including erythrocytes, neutrophils (pus) and fibrin)

22
Q

What causes exudate to be leaked?

A

Exudate is leaked due to the vasodilation and increased vascular permeability caused by the vascular response to inflammation

23
Q

What are the five steps of leukocyte recruitment?

A

Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Transmigration
Chemotaxis

24
Q

Which stages of leukocyte recruitment are mediated by cytokines and chemokines?

A

Adhesion, Transmigration and Chemotaxis are mediated by cytokines and chemokines

25
Q

Describe the margination step of leukocyte recruitment

A

During vasodilation, the blood flow slows allowing leukocytes to migrate from the central lumen to the periphery, close to the endothelial cell surface

26
Q

Describe the rolling step of leukocyte recruitment

A

Leukocytes tumble along the endothelial surface and undergo weak, transient adhesion to the endothelial surface

27
Q

Describe the adhesion step of leukocyte recruitment

A

Integrins present on the leukocyte surface firmly adhere to ligands on the surface of the endothelial cells

28
Q

Describe the transmigration step of leukocyte recruitment

A

Leukocytes undergo diapedesis

29
Q

Describe the chemotaxis step of leukocyte recruitment

A

Chemotaxis the the migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient to the injury site

30
Q

What are the three stages of phagocytosis?

A

Recognition
Engulfment
Killing/degradation

31
Q

Describe the recognition step of phagocytosis

A

Phagocytic cells bind to specific cell surface receptors present on pathogens or to opsonins attached to pathogens

32
Q

Describe the engulfment step of phagocytosis

A

Pseudopods (cytoplasmic extensions) from the phagocytic cells engulf pathogens and form a phagosome around the pathogen

33
Q

Describe the killing/degradation step of phagocytosis

A

A lysosome containing reactive oxygen species binds to the phagosome to form a phagolysosome. The lysosome releases its contents, degrading the pathogen

34
Q

What are the other two terms used to describe neutrophilic inflammation?

A

Suppurative inflammation
Purulent inflammation

35
Q

What are two common stimuli for neutrophilic inflammation?

A

Infection
Non-infectious tissue damage

36
Q

What stimulates septic purulent inflammation?

A

Intracellular bacteria

37
Q

What defines eosinophilic inflammation?

A

Eosinophilic inflammation is when more than 10% of the inflammatory cell population is eosinophils

38
Q

What are five stimuli for eosinophilic inflammation?

A

Allergy/hypersensitivity
Fungal infection
Parasitic infection
Eosinophilic granuloma
Paraneoplastic disease

39
Q

What is the difference between granulomatous and pyogranulomatous inflammation?

A

Granulomatous inflammation is an aggregation of macrophages whereas pyogranulomatous inflammation is an aggregation of macrophages and neutrophils

40
Q

What is commonly associated with granulomas and pyogranulomas?

A

Chronic inflammation

41
Q

What are three common stimuli for lymphocytic inflammation?

A

Vaccinations
Viral infection
Chronic inflammation

42
Q

What are four of the causes of chronic inflammation?

A

Persistent infection
Unresolved acute inflammation
Autoimmunity
Allergy/hypersensitivity

43
Q

What are four of the morphological signs of chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages
Tissue damage
Fibrosis
Angiogenesis

MODULE 2 - Natural Defences (10 decks)

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