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MODULE 2 - Natural Defences > ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - Blood > Flashcards

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - Blood Flashcards

- Erythrocytes - Thrombocytes and Coagulation - Leukocytes - Blood types and transfusions

1
Q

What are the three main plasma proteins?

A

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

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2
Q

Where are albumin and fibrinogen plasma proteins produced?

A

Albumin and fibrinogen are produced in the liver

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3
Q

Where are immunoglobulin plasma proteins produced?

A

Immunoglobulins are produced by B-lymphocytes

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4
Q

What are the three blood cell types?

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

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5
Q

What is the structure of erythrocytes?

A

Erythrocytes are anucleated biconcave discs with four haemoglobin binding sites

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6
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

The delivery of O2 via haemoglobin and removal of CO2 from the tissues

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7
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoiesis is the process which produces erythrocytes through the development from erythropoietic stem cells inoto mature red blood cells

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8
Q

Describe the physiologcial regulation of erythropoiesis?

A

Decreased O2 delivery to the kidneys stimulates the production and secretion of the erythropoietin (EPO) hormone into the bloodstream. This hormone stimulates erythropoiesis

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9
Q

Where are erythrocytes produced and how does this differ as the animals ages?

A

Foetus: erythrocytes are produced in the liver, spleen and bone marrow (all)
Young animal: erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow (all)
Adult animal: erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow (red marrow)

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10
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

The breakdown (lysis) of erythrocytes

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11
Q

Describe the process of extravascular haemolysis

A

Erythrocytes are lysed outside of the blood vessels and engulfed by macrophages in the bone marrow (domestic animals) or the liver (birds). The erythrocytes will eventually be regenerated/recycled

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12
Q

Describe the process of intravascular haemolysis

A

Erythrocytes are lysed inside the blood vessels. Haptoglobin proteins in the blood bind to haemoglobin in the bloodstream and are quickly cleared from the bloodstream via the liver. The remaining erythrocyte structures are engulfed by macrophages and eventually regenerated/recycled

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13
Q

Where do non-circulating erythrocytes accumulate?

A

Spleen

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14
Q

Define haemostasis

A

Haemostasis is the spontaneous arrest of bleeding from a ruptured vessel

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15
Q

What are the three physiological haemostasis processes?

A

Vascular response
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation cascade

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16
Q

Describe how the vascular response achieves haemostasis

A

The contraction of the smooth muscle (vasoconstriction) of the damaged blood vessel to prevent further loss of blood through the damaged endothelium

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17
Q

How does the vascular response differ depending on the severity of the damage to the blood vessel endothelium?

A

More damage to the endothelial cells (e.g. crush injury) = more vasoconstriction, less blood loss

Less damage to the endothelial cells (e.g. cut injury) = less vasoconstriction, more blood loss

18
Q

Describe the process of platelet plug formation

A
  1. When damage to the blood vessel endothelium occurs, platelets move out of the blood vessel and are activated through coming into contact with collagen
  2. Activated platelets contract causing exocytosis of enzymes and growth factors
  3. One of these enzymes converts arachidonic acid into thromboxane A
  4. Thromboxane A activates more platelets
  5. Activated platelets aggregate together as well as to Von Willebrands factors present on the blood vessel endothelium - forming a platelet plug at the site of blood vessel injury
19
Q

Describe the physiological regulation of platelet plug formation

A

Healthy blood vessel endothelium secretes an enzyme which converts arachidonic acid into prostacyclin which inhibits the formation of platelet plugs

20
Q

Give an example of a common haemostatic platelet disorder

A

Von Willebrands disorder

21
Q

How does aspirin act as an anti-clotting agent?

A

Aspirin inhibits thromboxane A production in platelet plug formation

22
Q

What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathway?

A

Intrinsic: all of the factors required are contained within the bloodstream
Extrinsic: external tissue factors can enter the break in the bloodstream and bypass the initial steps for the intrinsic pathway

23
Q

Describe the process of the final common pathway (the final stage of the coagulation cascade)

A
  1. Extrinsic or intrinsic coagulation pathway stimulates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
  2. Thrombin activates factor 13 as well as converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble loose fibrin threads
  3. Activated factor 13 connects the loose fibrin threads to form and stabilise a fibrin network
  4. Fibrin network contracts, pulling the erythrocytes together (erythrocytes go from a biconcave to tetrahedral shape) to form a blood clot
24
Q

What are the two stages of clot dissolution?

A

Clot retraction
Fibrinolysis

25
Q

Describe the process of clot retraction

A

Activated platelets transduce contractile forces onto the fibrin network of a clot, which overtime reduces the size of the clot

26
Q

Describe the process of fibrinolysis

A
  1. The presence of insoluble fibrin threads activates the enzyme t-PA
  2. Enzyme t-PA converts plasminogen to plasmin
  3. Plasmin breaks down the fibrin network of the clot, converting the insoluble fibrin threads back into soluble fibrinogen
27
Q

Describe the physiological regulation of fibrinolysis

A

Fibrin is self limiting. This means that the presence of fibrin stimulates fibrinolysis automatically however this process is very slow allowing the blood vessel to heal before the clot has broken down

28
Q

Give three examples of anti-clotting agents

A

EDTA
Aspirin
Heparin

29
Q

What determines an animals’ blood type?

A

The naturally occurring iso-antigens present on erythrocytes determines blood types

30
Q

What are the consequences of a blood transfusion of the incorrect blood type?

A

If an unmatched blood type is given, immune iso-antibodies will be produced in response to the foreign antigen and attack the erythrocytes

31
Q

Where are leukocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

32
Q

List the four types of mononuclear leukocytes

A

Monocytes
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Mast cells

33
Q

List the three different granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

34
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis

35
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A

Role in inflammatory and allergic reactions
Defend the body against parasites

36
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A

Role in inflammatory and allergic reactions

37
Q

What are the two different types of lymphocytes?

A

B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes

38
Q

What is the function of the lymphocytes?

A

Adaptive immunity

39
Q

What are the functions of mast cells?

A

Role in inflammatory and allergic reactions

40
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen-presenting cells
Secrete mediators of inflammation

MODULE 2 - Natural Defences (10 decks)

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