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MODULE 2 - Natural Defences > PARASITOLOGY - Blood Borne parasites > Flashcards

PARASITOLOGY - Blood Borne parasites Flashcards

- Parasitology overview - Babesia - Leishmania - Dirofilaria

1
Q

List four methods of parasite control

A

Vector control
Rotational grazing
Drugs
Vaccinations

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2
Q

What is the main risk of overusing drugs for parasite control?

A

Drugs put selective pressures on the parasites, causing them to evolve and become resistant

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3
Q

List three methods of parasite prevention

A

Hygiene
Biosecurity
Vector eradication

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4
Q

What are three examples of blood borne parasites?

A

Babesia
Leishmania
Dirofilaria

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5
Q

What type of parasite is Babesia?

A

Babesia is a protozoan parasite

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6
Q

What type of lifecycle do Babesia have?

A

Babesia have an indirect lifecycle

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7
Q

What are the final and intermediate hosts for Babesia?

A

Final hosts: Dogs, cattle, sheep, horses, humans
Intermediate host: Ixodes (tick)

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8
Q

Where do Babesia replicate within their final host?

A

Babesia replicate within the erythrocytes of their final host

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9
Q

Describe the lifecycle of the Babesia parasite

A
  1. Babesia gametes formed within the erythrocytes –>
  2. Gametes are ingested by tick during a blood meal –>
  3. Sexual reproduction occurs forming sporozoites which migrate to the salivary glands of the tick –>
  4. Sporozoites enter the erythrocytes of the host through the tick saliva injected at the feeding site –>
  5. Asexual reproduction occurs within the erythrocytes forming merozoites –>
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10
Q

What can be done to diagnose babesiosis?

A

PCR test
Identifying babesia on a blood smear

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11
Q

Which drug can be used to treat babesiosis?

A

Imidocarb can be used to treat babesiosis

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of babesiosis in cattle?

A

Pyrexia
Haemolytic anaemia
Haemoglobinuria
Jaundice
Tachycardia

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13
Q

What type of parasite is Leishmania?

A

Leishmania is a protozoan parasite

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14
Q

What type of lifecycle does Leishmania have?

A

Leishmania has an indirect lifecycle

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15
Q

What are the final and intermediate hosts for Leishmania?

A

Final hosts: Dogs, humans, wild animals
Intermediate host: Sandfly

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16
Q

Where do Leishmania replicate within their final host?

A

Leishmania replicate within the macrophages of they final host

17
Q

Describe the lifecycle of Leishmania

A
  1. Amastigotes are ingested by the sandfly in a blood meal ->
  2. Amastigotes undergo asexual reproduction within the sandfly –>
  3. Amastigotes develop into promastigotes which migrate to the sandfly salivary glands –>
  4. Promastigotes enter the macrophages of the host through the sandfly saliva injected at the feeding site –>
  5. Promastigotes develop into amastigotes which undergo asexual reproduction within the macrophages –>
18
Q

How does the Leishmania parasite achieve immune evasion?

A

Amastigotes hide within the host macrophages where they can disrupt macrophage function, decreasing the reactive oxygen intermediates and lysosomal activity

19
Q

What can be done to diagnose Leishmania?

A

PCR test
Skin biopsy
Identifying Leishmania on a blood smear

20
Q

Which drug can be used to treat Leishmania?

A

Allopurinol can be used to treat Leishmania

21
Q

What are the clinical signs of Leishmania?

A

Hair loss
Skin ulcers
Eczema
Lymph node enlargement

22
Q

What type of parasite if Dirofilaria?

A

Dirofilaria is a nematode

23
Q

What type of lifecycle does Dirofilaria have?

A

Dirofilaria has an indirect lifecycle

24
Q

What are the final and intermediate hosts for Dirofilaria?

A

Final host: Dogs
Intermediate host: Mosquito

25
Q

Where do adult dirofilariae reside within their final host?

A

Adult dirofilariae reside within the right side of the heart in their final host

26
Q

Where do dirofilaria micorfilarae (L1) reside within their final host?

A

Microfilarae (L1) circulate the host bloodstream

27
Q

Describe the lifecycle of Dirofilaria

A
  1. Mosquito ingests the microfilariae in a blood meal –>
  2. Microfilariae mature into infective juveniles –>
  3. The invective juveniles enter the host bloodstream when the mosquito feeds –>
  4. Juveniles migrate to the right side of the heart and mature into adult nematodes –>
  5. Female nematodes produce microfilariae –>
28
Q

Which drug can be used to prevent the development of microfilariae?

A

Ivermectin

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of heartworm?

A

Chronic cough
Exercise intolerance
Cardiovascular dysfunction

MODULE 2 - Natural Defences (10 decks)

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