Pathology Exam 5 Flashcards
condition or factors that make a person more susceptible or more inclined to a particular disease.
Predisposing factors
Predisposing factors
- Heredity
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Elevated cholesterol levels
- Social factorsa) Smoking
b) Substance abuse
c) Stress - type A personality
d) Diet
increase in the length or stretching of the heart by the fibers making it up. This is a temporary condition. An example would be blowing up a balloon and letting the air out immediately.
Dilatation
increase in size of the heart muscle by an increase in the size of the heart cells itself.
Hypertrophy
inflammation of the endocardium, the inner most layer of the heart, the layer of the heart from which heart valves are made
Endocarditis
Valvular defects
insufficiency
stenosis
prolapse
The most common heart valve where valvular defects takes place
mitral valve. Because of its structure, only heart valve that has two distinct sections or cusps making it up.
A valvular defect
(incompetence) failure of a heart valve to close or seat properly.
Insufficiency
A valvular defect
(narrowing) a narrowing or reduction in the size of the opening controlled by a heart valve.
Stenosis
A valvular defect
weakening in a wall of a heart cusp; collapse of one of the cusps making up a heart valve.
Prolapse
inflammation of the pericardium - the sack surrounding
Pericarditis
inflammation of the myocardium - the muscle layer of the heart
Myocarditis
this is contagious. Caused by Streptococcus
Pyogenes (a strict pathogen) and Ashoff bodies (scar tissue). The scar tissue which form in persons who recover from the childhood disease rheumatic fever.
Rheumatic heart disease
a disease affecting the coronary arteries (first and only branches off the arch of aorta)
Coronary artery disease
dealing with Coronary artery disease
the early stages of the hardening of the arteries; a disease with the presence or formation of atheromas (fatty plaques).
This disease tends to present itself in tortuous arteries
Atherosclerosis
make sure you look at the name and the definition; always check the spelling
dealing with Coronary artery disease
arteries that can quickly change the volume of blood flow through them
tortuous arteries
dealing with Coronary artery disease
the presence of an attached blood clot during life in the coronary arteries. (strepto pyogenes could be injected to dissolve the clot) Possible cause of coronary artery disease
Thrombosis
dealing with Coronary artery disease
abnormal contraction of the heart muscle. Present themselves to let the doctor know the patient has a coronary artery disease.
Spasms (fibrillation)
dealing with Coronary artery disease
the presence of a free floating object in the blood stream. Possible cause of coronary artery disease
Embolism
failure of the heart to deliver oxygenated blood throughout the body
Cardiac failure
massive - failure of the heart suddenly. Sudden onset and of short duration
Acute
cardiac failure comes on slowly and lasts a long time. Slow and chronic
Chronic
congestive heart failure- Usually occurs in adulthood. In adults the persons heart was not beating as fast as it should; swollen ankles are indicative of CHF; children- generally a result of improper structural changes that fail to occur at birth or shortly thereafter.
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Death of heart muscle tissue caused by interference in blood supply. Commonly known as a heart attack; it could be mild (dead muscle tissue but not enough to kill the person).
Myocardial infarction
hypertension or high blood pressure caused by a diseases of the heart. (Give patient a diuretic)
Hypertensive heart disease
a disease of the heart muscle; can be born with this. If diagnosed early enough, the patient would be a candidate for a heart transplant)
Cardiomyopathy
inflammation of the heart; does not necessarily specify would part
Carditis
Disease of the major vascular system of the body that convey blood Vein, Arteries, and Capillaries
diseases of the blood vessels
inflammation of the arteries. Frequent side effect when you have cautherization
Arteritis
hardening of the arteries. A chronic or slowly progressive disease, eventually those vessels which are further away from the heart are much more prone to this; the late stage of hardening of the arteries. Shipment of calcium salts in arteries causes them to lose their elasticity. The calcium salts reduce the size of the lumen. In embalming, you would use a triangle incision and gauze bandage
Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis is seen mostly where?
Seen mostly in the femoral arteries. It is more common for a femoral artery to be sclerotic before the common carotid.
fatty plaques
atheromas
seen in tortuous arteries - those arteries that can quickly change the volume of blood through them in a short period of time - Coronary Arteries and Cerebral Arterial Arteries (circle of wills).This is the early stage of hardening of the arteries.
Atherosclerosis
weakness in the wall of an artery; found mostly at the splitting of the Abdominal Aorta.
Aneurysm
Most common site of aneurysm
just above the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta
inflammation of a vein
Phlebitis
inflammation of a vein caused by the presence of an attached blood clot. (Put patient on blood thinner; if you hemorrhage it will take longer for your blood to clot)
Thrombophlebitis
dilated or engorged superficial veins. Can be surgically removed. They are commonly called spider veins
Varicose veins (varices)
DISEASE OF THE BLOOD
Reactive changes
Leukocytosis
Leukopenia
a reactive change; A sudden and temporary increase in the total number of leukocytes or white blood cells as a part of a normal inflammatory response (injury).
Go back and look at this info from last quarter for review.
Leukocytosis
Least numerous of the corpuscles. 5000-9000 per cubic millimeter of blood
leukocytes
a reactive change; A decrease in the total number of white blood cells due to disease. Bone marrow not producing proper number of white blood cells.
Leukopenia
(absence of or lack of blood) - A decrease in the total number of red blood cells, hemoglobin; or both.
anemia
a type of anemia; The first disease by which a person is diagnosed
primary anemia
A previously existing condition which causes anemia, i.e. leukemia.
secondary anemia
formation of all blood cells that occurs in the bone marrow
Hemopoiesis
Hemopoietic disorders
Leukemia Polycythemia vera (erythrocytosis)
Cancer of the blood - a malignant tumor of the blood forming organs characterized by excess production of improperly functioning white blood cells.
Leukemia
excess production of red blood cells or erythrocytes. This causes blood to become thicker or increase viscosity which reduces the blood flow and increases the tendency to form clots.
Polycythemia vera
erythrocytosis
Bleeding disorders
Hemophilia
Purpura
Thrombocytopenia
a bleeding disorder; (an affinity for blood) “Bleeders disease”; a hereditary disease that only
presents itself in male offspring; characterized by the absence of an essential clotting factor. (Factor 8).
Hemophilia
a bleeding disorder; Widespread hemorrhage, loss of blood scattered throughout the body.
Purpura
a bleeding disorder; Decrease in the total number of thrombocytes or platelets present in the blood, due to disease.
Thrombocytopenia
initiates the clotting process.
Thrombocytes