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Trakesha's 3rd Quarter > Pathology Exam 5 > Flashcards

Pathology Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

condition or factors that make a person more susceptible or more inclined to a particular disease.

A

Predisposing factors

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2
Q

Predisposing factors

A
  1. Heredity
    1. Obesity
    2. Diabetes
    3. Elevated cholesterol levels
    4. Social factorsa) Smoking
      b) Substance abuse
      c) Stress - type A personality
      d) Diet
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3
Q

increase in the length or stretching of the heart by the fibers making it up. This is a temporary condition. An example would be blowing up a balloon and letting the air out immediately.

A

Dilatation

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4
Q

increase in size of the heart muscle by an increase in the size of the heart cells itself.

A

Hypertrophy

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5
Q

inflammation of the endocardium, the inner most layer of the heart, the layer of the heart from which heart valves are made

A

Endocarditis

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6
Q

Valvular defects

A

insufficiency
stenosis
prolapse

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7
Q

The most common heart valve where valvular defects takes place

A

mitral valve. Because of its structure, only heart valve that has two distinct sections or cusps making it up.

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8
Q

A valvular defect

(incompetence) failure of a heart valve to close or seat properly.

A

Insufficiency

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9
Q

A valvular defect

(narrowing) a narrowing or reduction in the size of the opening controlled by a heart valve.

A

Stenosis

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10
Q

A valvular defect

weakening in a wall of a heart cusp; collapse of one of the cusps making up a heart valve.

A

Prolapse

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11
Q

inflammation of the pericardium - the sack surrounding

A

Pericarditis

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12
Q

inflammation of the myocardium - the muscle layer of the heart

A

Myocarditis

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13
Q

this is contagious. Caused by Streptococcus
Pyogenes (a strict pathogen) and Ashoff bodies (scar tissue). The scar tissue which form in persons who recover from the childhood disease rheumatic fever.

A

Rheumatic heart disease

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14
Q

a disease affecting the coronary arteries (first and only branches off the arch of aorta)

A

Coronary artery disease

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15
Q

dealing with Coronary artery disease
the early stages of the hardening of the arteries; a disease with the presence or formation of atheromas (fatty plaques).
This disease tends to present itself in tortuous arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

make sure you look at the name and the definition; always check the spelling

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16
Q

dealing with Coronary artery disease

arteries that can quickly change the volume of blood flow through them

A

tortuous arteries

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17
Q

dealing with Coronary artery disease
the presence of an attached blood clot during life in the coronary arteries. (strepto pyogenes could be injected to dissolve the clot) Possible cause of coronary artery disease

A

Thrombosis

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18
Q

dealing with Coronary artery disease
abnormal contraction of the heart muscle. Present themselves to let the doctor know the patient has a coronary artery disease.

A

Spasms (fibrillation)

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19
Q

dealing with Coronary artery disease

the presence of a free floating object in the blood stream. Possible cause of coronary artery disease

A

Embolism

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20
Q

failure of the heart to deliver oxygenated blood throughout the body

A

Cardiac failure

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21
Q

massive - failure of the heart suddenly. Sudden onset and of short duration

A

Acute

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22
Q

cardiac failure comes on slowly and lasts a long time. Slow and chronic

A

Chronic

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23
Q

congestive heart failure- Usually occurs in adulthood. In adults the persons heart was not beating as fast as it should; swollen ankles are indicative of CHF; children- generally a result of improper structural changes that fail to occur at birth or shortly thereafter.

A

**

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24
Q

Death of heart muscle tissue caused by interference in blood supply. Commonly known as a heart attack; it could be mild (dead muscle tissue but not enough to kill the person).

A

Myocardial infarction

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25
Q

hypertension or high blood pressure caused by a diseases of the heart. (Give patient a diuretic)

A

Hypertensive heart disease

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26
Q

a disease of the heart muscle; can be born with this. If diagnosed early enough, the patient would be a candidate for a heart transplant)

A

Cardiomyopathy

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27
Q

inflammation of the heart; does not necessarily specify would part

A

Carditis

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28
Q

Disease of the major vascular system of the body that convey blood Vein, Arteries, and Capillaries

A

diseases of the blood vessels

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29
Q

inflammation of the arteries. Frequent side effect when you have cautherization

A

Arteritis

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30
Q

hardening of the arteries. A chronic or slowly progressive disease, eventually those vessels which are further away from the heart are much more prone to this; the late stage of hardening of the arteries. Shipment of calcium salts in arteries causes them to lose their elasticity. The calcium salts reduce the size of the lumen. In embalming, you would use a triangle incision and gauze bandage

A

Arteriosclerosis

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31
Q

Arteriosclerosis is seen mostly where?

A

Seen mostly in the femoral arteries. It is more common for a femoral artery to be sclerotic before the common carotid.

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32
Q

fatty plaques

A

atheromas

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33
Q

seen in tortuous arteries - those arteries that can quickly change the volume of blood through them in a short period of time - Coronary Arteries and Cerebral Arterial Arteries (circle of wills).This is the early stage of hardening of the arteries.

A

Atherosclerosis

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34
Q

weakness in the wall of an artery; found mostly at the splitting of the Abdominal Aorta.

A

Aneurysm

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35
Q

Most common site of aneurysm

A

just above the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

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36
Q

inflammation of a vein

A

Phlebitis

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37
Q

inflammation of a vein caused by the presence of an attached blood clot. (Put patient on blood thinner; if you hemorrhage it will take longer for your blood to clot)

A

Thrombophlebitis

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38
Q

dilated or engorged superficial veins. Can be surgically removed. They are commonly called spider veins

A

Varicose veins (varices)

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39
Q

DISEASE OF THE BLOOD

Reactive changes

A

Leukocytosis

Leukopenia

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40
Q

a reactive change; A sudden and temporary increase in the total number of leukocytes or white blood cells as a part of a normal inflammatory response (injury).

Go back and look at this info from last quarter for review.

A

Leukocytosis

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41
Q

Least numerous of the corpuscles. 5000-9000 per cubic millimeter of blood

A

leukocytes

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42
Q

a reactive change; A decrease in the total number of white blood cells due to disease. Bone marrow not producing proper number of white blood cells.

A

Leukopenia

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43
Q

(absence of or lack of blood) - A decrease in the total number of red blood cells, hemoglobin; or both.

A

anemia

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44
Q

a type of anemia; The first disease by which a person is diagnosed

A

primary anemia

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45
Q

A previously existing condition which causes anemia, i.e. leukemia.

A

secondary anemia

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46
Q

formation of all blood cells that occurs in the bone marrow

A

Hemopoiesis

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47
Q

Hemopoietic disorders

A 
Leukemia 	
Polycythemia vera (erythrocytosis)
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48
Q

Cancer of the blood - a malignant tumor of the blood forming organs characterized by excess production of improperly functioning white blood cells.

A

Leukemia

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49
Q

excess production of red blood cells or erythrocytes. This causes blood to become thicker or increase viscosity which reduces the blood flow and increases the tendency to form clots.

A

Polycythemia vera

erythrocytosis

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50
Q

Bleeding disorders

A

Hemophilia
Purpura
Thrombocytopenia

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51
Q

a bleeding disorder; (an affinity for blood) “Bleeders disease”; a hereditary disease that only
presents itself in male offspring; characterized by the absence of an essential clotting factor. (Factor 8).

A

Hemophilia

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52
Q

a bleeding disorder; Widespread hemorrhage, loss of blood scattered throughout the body.

A

Purpura

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53
Q

a bleeding disorder; Decrease in the total number of thrombocytes or platelets present in the blood, due to disease.

A

Thrombocytopenia

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54
Q

initiates the clotting process.

A

Thrombocytes

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55
Q

Accessory organs of digestion: liver, gallbladder, and pancreas which has as it’s purpose the breakdown of foods and liquids into useful soluble substances for distribution to the bloodstream throughout the body.

A

digestive system

56
Q

Specific diseases of the digestive system

Inflammatory/degenerative

A 
Gingivitis 
Pharyngitis 
Esophagitis .
Gastritis 
Peptic ulcer 	  
Enteritis 
Colitis 
Appendicitis 
Hemorrhoids (piles) 
Hepatitis 
Cirrhosis 
Cholecystitis 
Choletithiasis 
Cholangitis 
Pancreatitis 	
Peritonitis 
Diverticulosis
57
Q

Inflammation of the gums

A

Gingivitis

58
Q

Inflammation of the pharynx - a sore throat

A

Pharyngitis

59
Q

Inflammation of the muscular tube which conveys food from the throat to the stomach through the esophagus

A

Esophagitis

60
Q

Inflammation of the stomach

A

Gastritis

61
Q

A localized area of necrotic epithelia (dead tissue) caused by the action of the enzyme pepsin

A

Peptic ulcer

62
Q

a digestive enzyme

A

Pepsin

63
Q

where are peptic ulcers found?

A

stomach or duodenum

64
Q

Inflammation of the small intestine. (Chron’s disease)

A

Enteritis

65
Q

Inflammation of the colon; longest division of the large intestines.

A

Colitis

66
Q

two types of colitis

A

Amebic colitis

Ulcerative colitis

67
Q

a type of colitis; a microscopic animal that has invaded and actively multiplying in the colon.

A

Amebic colitis

68
Q

a type of colitis characterized by localized area of necrotic epithelia; a psychosomatic self-induced disease.

A

Ulcerative colitis

69
Q

inflammation of the vermiform (snakelike structure) appendix, attached to the cecum (first division of large intestine).

A

Appendicitis

70
Q

Dilated or engorged veins surrounding the opening of the anal canal to outside the body.

A

Hemorrhoids

piles

71
Q

Inflammation of the liver

A

Hepatitis

72
Q

The end stage of chronic liver disease. when the functional liver cells are replaced by the surrounding supporting cells. Hob nail liver, little bumps on the external surface of the liver. Also causes firmness of the liver tissue.

A

Cirrhosis

73
Q

inflammation of the sac containing bile or gallbladder

A

Cholecystitis

74
Q

The presence or formation of gall stones.

A

Choletithiasis

75
Q

Inflammation of one or more of the bile ducts.

A

Cholangitis

76
Q

Inflammation of the pancreas (a heterocrine gland) or blockage of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone

A

Pancreatitis

77
Q

Inflammation of the perineum, the membrane which lines the abdominal viscera

A

Peritonitis

78
Q

The presence of intestine hernia’s known as diverticulia. Found in the large intestine

A

Diverticulosis

79
Q

Specific diseases of the digestive system

Genetic/developmental

A

Pyloric stenosis

Hernia

80
Q

a genetic/developmental disease of the digestive system; A narrowing in the opening controlled by the pyloric valve.; The pyloric valve is the circular shaped valve that controls the passing of food from the stomach to the small intestines

A

Pyloric stenosis

81
Q

a genetic/developmental disease of the digestive system; abnormal protrusion of a body part or organ into an area where it’s not normally found. Has three common sites. Hiatel hernia, the stomach protruding into the thoracic cavity.

A

Hernia

82
Q

Obstruction or Blockage within the digestive system. Blocks the flow of food.

A

Bile duct
Volvulus
Intussuception
Adhesions

83
Q

Obstruction or Blockage; due to gall stones

A

bile duct

84
Q

Obstruction or Blockage; a twisting of the intestines

A

Volvulus

85
Q

Obstruction or Blockage; telescoping of the intestines

A

Intussuception

86
Q

Obstruction or Blockage; scar tissue which form due to a previous disease or from surgery

A

Adhesions

87
Q

Postmortem conditions caused by diseases of the digestive sytems

A 
Ascites
Dehydration/emaciation 
Rapid decomposition
Rapid coagulation of blood
Jaundice (liver, pancreas) 
Hemorrhage	
Purge
88
Q

a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system excess fluids in the peritoneal cavity, causing distention

A

Ascites

89
Q

a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; the loss of moisture and tissue. Usually in the face and neck.

A

Dehydration/emaciation

90
Q

a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; common side effect

A

Hemorrhage

91
Q

a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; indicates liver dysfunction. A shade of yellow or green

A

Jaundice (liver, pancreas)

92
Q

a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; the evacuation of any substance after death.

A

Purge

93
Q

a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; this will call more blood clots

A

Rapid coagulation of blood

94
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract

Inflammatory/degenerative

A 
Rhinitis
Sinusitis 
Pharyngitis 
Laryngitis 
Common cold 
Tracheitis 
Bronchitis 	
Bronchial asthma 
Pneumonia 
Pleurisy 
Empyema 
Tuberculosis (TB) 
Pneumoconoses 
Atelectasis 
Emphysema   
Lung abscess 
Fungal disease
95
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
inflammation of the nasal mucosa (mucus membrane of the lining of the nasal cavity) nose.

A

Rhinitis

96
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
inflammation of one or more sets of the paranasal sinuses (air spaces) located in bones near the nasal cavity. (near or along the nasal cavities)

A

Sinusitis

97
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
inflammation of the pharynx - a sore throat.

A

Pharyngitis

98
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
inflammation of the larynx or voice box.

A

Laryngitis

99
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
acute coryza - caused by a pneumotroic virus. Most common virus in man.

A

Common cold

100
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
inflammation of the trachea or wind pipe.

A

Tracheitis

101
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
inflammation of one or both of the bronchi (two) or bronchus (one) the passages for air located between the windpipe and lungs. Could be acute or chronic.

A

Bronchitis

102
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
a narrowing in the opening for air passage within the bronchi resulting from allergic reactions.

A

Bronchial asthma

103
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
the infection or inflammation of lung tissue itself.

A

Pneumonia

104
Q

three types of pneumonia

A

Lobar pneumonia
Bronchial pneumonia
Viral pneumonia

105
Q

a type of pneumonia; infection confined to one or more lobes of the lung tissue.

A

Lobar pneumonia

106
Q

a type of pneumonia; infection of the lung tissue that began in the bronchi.

A

Bronchial pneumonia

107
Q

a type of pneumonia; infection of the lung tissue caused by a virus. A pneumotroic viral infection.

A

Viral pneumonia

108
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
inflammation of the membrane which lines and surrounds the lungs. Excess fluid.

A

Pleurisy

109
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
pus in the plural cavity.

A

Empyema

110
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
leading cause of death in 1900; an allergic disease in which a person has to be exposed to twice; can attack any part of the body but usually attacks the lungs.

A

Tuberculosis

111
Q

the most lethal form of Tuberculosis

A

Miliary tuberculosis

112
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
a group of a lung disorders or diseases caused by long term inhalation (breathing) of a single foreign substance. Classified to what your lungs have been exposed to

A

Pneumoconoses

113
Q

three types of pneumoconoses

A

Anthracosis
Silicosis
Asbestosis

114
Q

a type of pneumoconoses

coal dust –“coal miner’s disease” or black lung disease.

A

Anthracosis

115
Q

a type of pneumoconoses

silica sand- seen in occupation of sandblaster.

A

Silicosis

116
Q

a type of pneumoconoses

caused by the inhalation of asbestos. (Roofers and brake shop workers)

A

Asbestosis

117
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
in infants, failure of the lung tissue to expand at birth. In adulthood, the collapse of a lung due to complete bronchial obstruction

A

Atelectasis

118
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
rupture of the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) caused by a partial or incomplete bronchial obstruction.

A

Emphysema

119
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
localized collection of pus in the lungs. Usually bacterial in nature.

A

Lung abscess

120
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract
Inflammatory/degenerative
many present themselves as an infection of the lungs; example: histoplasmosis

A

Fungal disease

121
Q

Genetic/developmental diseases

of the respiratory system

A

Cleft lip/palate

Cystic fibrosis

122
Q

Genetic/developmental diseases
of the respiratory system
(roof of the mouth) - failure of the lip or cleft tissue to form properly.

A

Cleft lip/palate

123
Q

Genetic/developmental diseases
of the respiratory system
over secretion of an excessively thick mucus forming in the lower respiratory tract. A hereditary disease

A

Cystic fibrosis

124
Q

Obstructive diseases of the respiratory tract.

A

Airway obstruction

COPD

125
Q

types of airway obstruction

A

asphyxia, suffocation, choking

126
Q

an obstruction within the air passageway.

A

Choking

127
Q

an obstruction from outside the breathing tube.

A

Asphyxia and suffocation

128
Q

Obstructive disease of the respiratory tract

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

A

chronic obstruction Pulmonary disease

COPD

129
Q

Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory system (5)

A 
Cyanosis 
Emaciation	
Edema (hydrothorax) 
Hemorrhage 
Cavitation
130
Q

Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory system
a reddish blue discoloration in the tissue due to a lack of oxygen.

A

Cyanosis

131
Q

Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory system loss of tissue. Most noticeable in the face and temporal region.

A

Emaciation

132
Q

Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory system
excess fluid in the plural cavity or thoracic cavity. Gives the body a barrel-shaped chest appearance.

A

Edema (hydrothorax)

133
Q

Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory system
this will cause you to see clotted blood during cavity treatment. May see blood in the septum.
Hemoptysis- blood in the sputum

A

Hemorrhage

134
Q

Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory system
the presence or formation of spaces or cavities in the lung tissue. Seen in patients with TB.

A

Cavitation

135
Q

excess fluid in the pleural sacs

A

pleural effusion

Trakesha's 3rd Quarter (14 decks)

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