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Trakesha's 3rd Quarter > Mortuary Law Exam 3 > Flashcards

Mortuary Law Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

a fixed place of business used in the care and preparation for the funeral and/or disposition of dead human bodies

A

funeral establishment

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2
Q

authorizes licensing and regulating of funeral directors and funeral establishments

A

police power of the state and local government

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3
Q

Funeral service establishments Restrictions:

A 
Ordinances
Building codes
Covenants 
Nuisance
Regulatory specifications
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4
Q

Laws passed by a municipal governing body such as town or city, Zoning, building, safety, etc. Special permits
Matters not already covered by federal and/or state laws.

A

Ordinances

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5
Q

Laws passed by municipality by virtue of the police power which regulates the kind of building, residences, or businesses that may be built and used in different parts (zones) of the municipality.

A

Zoning ordinances:

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6
Q

Municipality zonings

A

Residential
Commercial
Note: in some municipalities, there may be either no zoning or a combination of residential/commercial

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7
Q

**

A

Funeral establishments are classified as commercial use or business use of property. They are generally not allowed to operate in residential zones
Some new/change zoning ordinances may affect existing uses
“Grandfather” clause- allows existing non-conforming uses to stay with restrictions

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8
Q

Issued by local municipalities.
Grant permission to use a building or facility for a special or specified use or purpose; such as hospitals, churches, etc.
Allow exceptions to zoning ordinances for professions such as doctors and dentists

A

Special use permits:

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9
Q

**

A

Funeral Directing is considered a business and not a profession. It would not qualify for Special Use Permits.

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10
Q

regulations which control requirements for business and residential buildings regarding fire and safety, maintenance and operation, occupancy and use, and appearance of the building. (Designs, materials used in construction, parking spaces, plumbing, electrical, restrooms, signs, etc.)

A

Building codes

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11
Q

Provisions in a deed limiting the use of property and prohibiting certain uses.

A

Restrictive covenants:

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12
Q

An example of restrictive covenants

A

Deed restrictions

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13
Q

Contracts dealing with the transfer to ownership. The seller agrees not to compete; for a specified time, nor in a specified geographical area; both are enforceable by law if deemed reasonable.

A

Covenants not to compete

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14
Q

Invasion of a Landowner’s use of property which interferes with the public or another
landowner’s use and enjoyment of his/her property

A

Nuisance: p.56

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15
Q

Acts, occupations, or structures which are nuisances at all times and under all circumstances.
May be prejudicial to public morals, dangerous to life, or injurious to public rights.

A

Nuisance per se

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16
Q

**

A

Funeral homes is not a nuisance per se

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17
Q

Acts, occupations, or structures which are not nuisances per se, but may become nuisances by circumstances of the location or manner in which it is operated.

A

Nuisance in fact:

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18
Q

**

A

Funeral home may become a nuisances in fact.

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19
Q

Federal and state standards – OSHA, EPA, ADA

Health codes

A

Regulatory specifications

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20
Q

Regulatory specifications
Federal standards
rules related to embalming procedures, funeral home personnel protection and safety.

A

OSHA – occupational Safety & Health Act

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21
Q

Regulatory specifications
Federal standards
Rules concerning the use and control of formaldehyde and chemicals used by embalmers.

A

EPA – Environmental Protection Agency

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22
Q

Regulatory specifications
Federal standards
to provide individuals with full use and enjoyment of public accommodations, requires businesses to remove architectural, communication and transportation barriers for physically impaired, provided it can be done without much difficulty and expense.

A

ADA – American with Disabilities Act

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23
Q

four priorities

ADA – American with Disabilities Act

A
  1. ramps, widen doors, cut curbs, put in handicap parking
  2. provide public access to areas where goods and services are provided
  3. provide public access to restrooms i.e., toilet seats, mirrors, sinks, towel dispensers and grab bars.
  4. any other modifications i.e., water fountains, phones, etc,.
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24
Q

Individuals with AIDS or other such diseases shall not be refused service i.e., embalming. Nor should there be a surcharge for such service, doing so is a violation of the ADA, family can file action under ADA.

A

WITHHOLDING SERVICES

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25
Q

by U.S. Attorney General, or private individuals, Penalties: remove the violation, first violation 50,000 or subsequent violations of $100.000

A

ENFORCEMENT

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26
Q

Regulatory specifications

STATE STANDARDS:

A

Fixed location
Licensed personnel – FDIC – however, owner of the funeral home doesn’t have to be a licensed funeral director.
Access to rolling stock - livery
Facilities for conducting funerals
Display room with proper number and selection of caskets.
Adequate preparation room

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27
Q

Preparation room

A 
Designed and equipped for embalming and otherwise preparing dead human remains.
	Sufficient size
	Secluded from the public
	Walls, ceiling, and floor non-porous and easy to clean.
	Proper ventilation (OSHA)
	Sewer and disposal facilities
	Hot and cold running water
	Operating table
	Instruments and chemicals
	Meet local and state sanitary codes.
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28
Q

Area of ground set aside and dedicated for the final disposition of dead human bodies.

A

Cemetery

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29
Q

Texas Funeral Service Commission regulates cemeteries as of September 2003. However, PERPETUAL cemeteries are regulated under

A

the Department of Banking.

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30
Q

Classifications of cemeteries

A

Public
Private
National

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31
Q

type of cemetery; Accessible for burial by any member of the public.
May include designated “sections”, such as Veterans, children, specific religious groups (Jewish, Roman Catholic, Protestant, etc.)

A

Public

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32
Q

public cemetery ownership and operation

A

Private individual, company, corporation

Local municipality: village, town, city, county

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33
Q

type of cemetery; Accessible for burial only by those who are granted permission.

A

Private

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34
Q

private cemetery ownership

A

Private individual, company, corporation (not-for-profit)

Restrictions for religious beliefs and/or customs

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35
Q 
type of cemetery; Cemetery created by an act of the US Congress
Typically restricted to eligible veterans of the armed forces (Army, Navy, Air force,
Marines and Coast Guard)
Eligible dependents (spouse, minor children) – burial is next available, spouses are stacked.
A

national

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36
Q

determining eligibility for interment in national cemetery

A

Establish prior to interment
Proof of service
Veteran’s service record (VA form DD-214)
Discharge certificate
Discharged under conditions other than dishonorable

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37
Q

Cemetery location notes

A

Police power (protect public health)
Eminent domain - Inherent power of a government to take private property for public use.
Requires just compensation to property owners
Zoning ordinances – same as funeral homes, not allowed in residential areas.

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38
Q

is a cemetery nuisance per se?

A

no

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39
Q

rules and regulations of a cemetery

A

Enactment’s by an administrative body governing the jurisdiction of that agency
Must be “reasonable”
Includes state and local rules and regulations
Dictate cemetery location and operation
Related to police power

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40
Q

cemetery discrimination

A

Restrictions on interment
Religious beliefs and/or customs
Military service
Most restrictions with private rather than public cemeteries
Differences in ownership and/or rules and regulations

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41
Q

Rights and cemetery plots

A

Rights of ownership & right to interment

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42
Q

cemetery
right of ownership
(there are two cards for this, I felt like it is too much for one card)

A 
Considered personal property
	Even though it is “real estate” used for a specific purpose
	License for interment
	Right of interment
	Use of an outer burial container
43
Q

cemetery
right of ownership
(continued)

A

Not actual ownership of land
Use of an outer burial container
Marker or monument
As allowed by the cemetery
Right to have plot cared for and protected
Perpetual or endowed care
Right to sell the plot
However, may be required to meet cemetery requirements before selling.
Obtaining permission from cemetery owner

44
Q

cemetery

right to inter

A

Subject to cemetery rules and regulations
Use of outer burial container – maybe required / flowers / plants / shrubs / etc., need permission
Type of marker – FLAT OR UPRIGHTS

45
Q

Desecration of graves

A

Criminal offense
Based on high regard, respect, and morality associated with final resting place of deceased
individuals by members of society.

Public sentiment dictates that cemetery is “sacred ground” and should not be disturbed.
Unless there are compelling reasons to do so.

Generally held views

Generally speaking the law looks at cemeteries as sacred ground
Once a cemetery always a cemetery
Look at disinterment UNFAVORABLY unless there is a compelling reason to do so

46
Q

This is definitely a test question

A

Look at disinterment UNFAVORABLY unless there is a compelling reason to do so

47
Q

Removal of a human corpse previously buried in the earth.
Removal of entombed body or cremains from their repository.
Also means exhumation

A

Disinterment

48
Q

disinterment is typically not permitted for three specific reasons that Mr. Layton referenced. What are they?

A

Respect for human desire to not have one’s remains disturbed
Sentiment (feelings) of survivors
Protection of public health

49
Q

disinterment may be permitted for?

A

Public interest
Private reasons
Contractual purposes

50
Q

what are the two principles grounds upon which disinterment may be authorized by law?

A

public interest

private reasons

51
Q

disinterment

public interest

A

One of two principle grounds upon which disinterment may be authorized by law.
- Disinterment and reinterment occur in same location.
- Used to further some matter of public interest.
Gather evidence for criminal or civil cases
- State has power to request exhumation
- “Police power”
Affirm/disaffirm cause of death.
Protection from insurance fraud
- Greater burden of proof is required than for evidence in a criminal trial
Provide access to a public street
Or remains pose a threat to public health (contamination of water supply)
- Reinterment will occur in a different location.

52
Q

disinterment

private reasons

A

Second instance upon which disinterment may be authorized by law.
- Disinterment for purpose of reinterment in another location.

Due to: Dissatisfaction with place of interment
	Relocation of family
	Interment in wrong location (not a family plot)
	Abandoned or neglected cemeteries
53
Q

exhumation is a matter of ?

A 
statutory regulation (in most states)
Or case law
54
Q

Private disinterment

Factors related to “reasonable cause” for disinterment.

A
  • Degree of relationship to decedent
  • Express wishes of decedent.
  • Conduct of persons seeking or preventing disinterment.
  • Length of time since original interment.

Strength of reasons for or against disinterment.

  • Integrity and compassion to provide a secure and comparable resting place for decedent.
  • Right and principles of religious body or other institution which granted right to original disposition.
55
Q

Contractual purposes

disinterment

A

Affirming/disaffirming cause of death.

  • Payments of benefits under an insurance policy.
  • Prevent insurance fraud
56
Q

Right of disinterment

A

May be governed by state statute.

Applies to disinterment for public and private reasons.

57
Q

Right to control disinterment rests with who?

A

Rests with the state when required for evidence in a criminal trial.
Rest with spouse or next-of-kin in most other cases.

58
Q

Note about disinterment against family wishes

A

Disinterment will not occur “against the will of other relatives except upon strong and convincing evidence that persuades a court of equity that the disinterment is required by justice.” Textbook, Section 8.2, p.49

59
Q

Necessary permits for disinterment

A

Disinterment permits must be obtained from proper authorities.
In Texas, written order (permit) from state registrar or designee.
Obtained by the funeral director.
Four parts (state registrar, local registrar, funeral director, and cemetery).
Unless re-interment in same cemetery.

60
Q

If done without proper authorization; Disinterment will be in violation under?

A

statute and common law.

61
Q

disinterment without proper authorization is usually considered

A

simple larceny

62
Q

model law enacted to achieve uniformity in probate proceedings throughout the United States, not adopted by all states

A

UNIFORM PROBATE CODE (UPC)

63
Q

act or process of proving a will

A

PROBATE

64
Q

court having jurisdiction over estates

A

PROBATE COURT

65
Q

a gift of REAL ESTATE made by will

A

Devise

66
Q

(sets the gift under a will) – One who inherits real estate under a will

A

Devisee

67
Q

a gift of PERSONAL PROPERTY under a will

A

Bequest or Legacy

68
Q

(gets stuff by inheritance of personal property under will) – One who inherits personal property under a will.

A

Legatee

69
Q

an instrument executed with required formality by a person-making disposition of his/her property (estate) to take effect upon his/her death.

A

WILL

70
Q

Requirements for Will

A

Legal Age

Testamentary Capacity Formality

71
Q

“legal adult”, age 18 or older, in most states

A

Legal Age

72
Q

Testator / Testatrix must know the intent, know the nature and extent of estate, know natural object of bounty

A

Testamentary Capacity

73
Q

generous gift, given freely

A

bounty

74
Q

real and/or personal property of a deceased person

A

ESTATE

75
Q

Will Formalities

A

In writing, signed by the TESTATOR/TESTATRIX – person who makes a will. Witnessed by two or more eligible disinterested witnesses (varies by state), usually signed in presence of each other.

76
Q

Special kinds of Wills

A

Nuncupative
Holographic
Soldiers & Sailors

77
Q

an oral will, dictated by testator/trix during last illness, before appropriate witnesses, disposes of personal property, afterwards written down.

A

Nuncupative will

78
Q

a type of will; hand-written by testator/trix, legal if signed by appropriate witnesses

A

Holographic will

79
Q

a type of will; informal nuncupative (oral) will by a soldier in the field or a sailor at sea, DISPOSES OF PERSONAL PROPERTY ONLY

A

Soldiers & Sailors will

80
Q

Amendments

Revocation of Wills by

A

act of Testator Operation of the Law codicil

81
Q

deliberately destroying a will, prior to death constitutes

A

revocaton

82
Q

an addition or amendment of a LAST WILL and Testament executed with the same formality as the will

A

Codicil

83
Q

wills in regards to marriage or remarriage

A

if a person makes a Will and later marries, the marriage may revoke the will in whole or in part. Or the will may be presumed to be revoked unless made in contemplation of the marriage or unless it makes provision for a future spouse.

In some states a marriage will not revoke a Will completely, but so that the spouse will get the estate that would have been received in the absence of a Will.

84
Q

a distribution problem under the will– proportional reduction of a legacy under a will when assets out of which such legacy are payable are not sufficient to pay it in full.

A

Abatement

85
Q

a distribution problem under the will– Extinction or withdrawal of legacy by testator’s act.

A

Ademption

86
Q

a distribution problem under the will– Spouse’s election to take against the Will

A

in some states surviving spouse may elect to take one-third to one half of decedent’s property instead of the share provided

87
Q

a distribution problem under the will– death of legatee

A

One who inherits personal property under will.

88
Q

Distribution of Property

equal share is given to each of a number of persons, all of whom stand in equal degree to decedent.

A

Per capita (by the head)

89
Q

Distribution of Property
– property divided into lines of descent, share of each line then divided by way of representation, not all parties received an equal share

A

Per stirpes (by the root)

90
Q

Distribution of Property

state or condition of dying without having made a will.

A

Intestacy (Intestate)

91
Q

Distribution of Property

–succession of an heir at law to property and estate of his/her ancestor when the latter had died without a will

A

Intestate Succession

92
Q

Distribution of Property

–Title by Descent

A

spouse, next of kin, if no spouse or children, grandchildren, parents, siblings, grandparents, aunts, or uncles

93
Q

Distribution of Property

– forfeiture of decedent’s property to the state in absence of heirs.

A

ESCHEAT

94
Q

appointment of Personal Representative, which is the person who represents and settles the estate of deceased persons

A

Administration of an ESTATE

95
Q

Personal Representatives;

male or female, appointed by the will to carry out provisions thereof and settle the estate.

A

EXECUTOR / EXECUTRIX

96
Q

Personal Representatives;

male or female appointed by the court to settle an estate, estate representation due to intestacy.

A

ADMINISTRATOR ADMINISTRATRIX

97
Q

Duties of the representative

A

Inventory- Listing and valuation of a decedent’s assets
Deduct security interest(s) from Real Estate Mortgage, secure loan on parcel of real estate, and personal property.
Pay claims and taxes- Income taxes Death Taxes
Accounting – inventory value plus income less expenses.
Distribution of property

98
Q

unable to pay debts of decedent and / or the estate

A

Insolvent estate

99
Q

Priority of claims against and estate in intestacy

A

Funeral Expenses (preferred claim), Administration expenses, Taxes, Last illness expenses, and all other expenses

100
Q

Instrument in writing, authorizing another to act as one’s agent or attorney. Person is an agent in fact and by law terminates at the time of death of the principal; can be general or specific.

A

Power of attorney

101
Q

Principal executes a power of attorney, comes into and remains in effect when principal becomes disabled, duties may include but not limited to, Heath-Care decisions, admission to hospital; nursing home’ medical treatment – feeding tubes etc

A

Durable Power of Attorney

102
Q

Becomes effective at a future time, that is, it “springs up”, upon the happenings of a specific event chosen by the Power of Attorney (principal’s physician). Often that event is the illness or disability of the Principal, Principal’s physician will determine whether Principal is competent to handle his/her financial affairs.

A

“Springing” Power of Attorney

103
Q

written documents that governs, withholding, and withdrawal of life – sustaining treatment, for individuals with incurable or irreversible condition that will cause death

A

Living Will

Trakesha's 3rd Quarter (14 decks)

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