Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Q1. Define pathology
A
The study of dis-ease
2
Q
Q1. Define disease
A
Being out of balance; “dis-ease”
3
Q
Q1. Define etiology
A
The cause of disease
4
Q
Q1. Define contagious
A
Transmittable; airborne, contact, body fluids
5
Q
Q1. Define non-contagious
A
Not Transmittable
6
Q
Q1. Define indicated
A
Treatment is beneficial
7
Q
Q1. Define contraindicated
A
Treatment comes with risk
8
Q
Q1. Define diagnosis
A
Identification of disease through signs, symptoms and testing
9
Q
Q1. Define prognosis
A
The expectation of the outcome and progress
10
Q
Q1. Define pathogen
A
Anything that causes disease
11
Q
Q1. What are 6 known pathogens
A
Fungi, bacteria, parasites, toxic substances, prions, viruses
12
Q
Q1. Do viruses affect DNA? T or F
A
True
13
Q
Q1. Define sign
A
Something you can see, it’s measurable; fever
14
Q
Q1. Define symptom
A
Something you experience; e.g. pain, nausea, tingling, dizziness
15
Q
Q1. Infections are contagious? T or F
A
True
16
Q
Q1. General questions to ask client with a skin condition that had not been diagnosed
A
How long has it been there? Is it itchy? Is it spreading anywhere else? Is it open or closed? If open, is there any drainage? Have you ever had this before? Are there any other symptoms in the rest of the body? Do you know anyone with a similar rash? Is there any fever associated with the rash?
17
Q
Q1. When do you refer to a doctor?
A
……. (When in doubt, refer OUT)
18
Q
Q1. Name 2 types of animal parasites
A
Mites and lice
19
Q
Q1. Mites: signs and symptoms
A
Itching that gets progressively worse, redness, flaky skin lessons, red bumps, red or grayish lines
20
Q
Q1. Mites: contraindicated/indicated?
A
General contraindication. No massage until gone.
21
Q
Q1. Mites: precautions
A
Isolate sheets
22
Q
Q1. Mites: special notes
A
Scabies can resemble psoriasis, eczema, & several other skin conditions, so it is important to get an accurate diagnosis. Also, if scratching damages the skin, the risk of secondary infection is high.
23
Q
Q1. Lice: signs and symptoms
A
Itchiness, sensation of movement on skin, rash, see the louse or nits
24
Q
Q1. Lice: contraindicated/indicated?
A
General contraindication. No massage until gone.
25
Q1. Lice: precautions
Isolate sheets
26
Q1. Lice: special notes
Parasitic infestations carry a powerful social stigma that is negatively associated with poor hygiene. It is important to be compassionate, non-judgmental, and well informed.
27
Q1. Define scabies
The skin lessons caused by mites
28
Q1. Fungi: signs and symptoms
Itchy, rash. Lesion is a slowly enlarging reddish scaly circle that is pale in the middle. Subtypes of fungal infections may also involve fluid-filed blisters, ulcerations, or pus-filed sores. Can be found anywhere on the body.
29
Q1. Fungi: contraindicated/indicated?
Local contraindication. If no blisters, can be worked on over sheet.
30
Q1. Another name for fungal infection of human skin
Mycoses
31
Q1. Another name for Fungi
Dermatophytes
32
Q1. Define tinea
The lesions fungal infections create
33
Q1. Herpes simplex is a viral infection? T or F
True
34
Q1. Herpes: signs and symptoms
The affected area may have some pain or tingling a few days before an outbreak, then a blister or cluster of blisters appears on a red base. The painful blisters erupt and ooze. The blisters scab over after a week or 10 days.
35
Q1. What are some triggers of a herpes recurrent outbreak?
fever, systematic infection, stress, sunburn, menstruation, etc.
36
Q1. oral herpes are also called what?
"cold sore" or "fever blister" due to the typical triggers for recurrent outbreaks
37
Q1. How is herpes communicated?
Most efficiently through direct contact. It is important to understand that the herpes virus is highly concentrated in the fluid-filled blisters, but it can also be shed from skin that has no visible lesion; this is especially likely during the "prodromic" stage. In other words the carrier doesn't need to have a visible lesion to spread the virus to other people.
38
Q1. Why is the chance of triggering a new herpes infection in a client or therapist relatively low?
because the vast majority of adults in the US are positive for herpes simplex virus antibodies, at least for type 1.
39
Q1. Herpes can live outside the body. T or F
True
40
Q1. Herpes: contra indicated/indication?
Local contraindication during an active outbreak. If a client knows he or she is developing a lesion, it is a courtesy to reschedule a massage appointment.
41
Q1. What is a boil?
bacterial infection of the skin
42
Q1. Boil: sign and symptoms?
pimple-like; begins as a hard, painful, red or pinkish bump that develops over a day or two. For the next several days it increases in size, and the center of the abscess fills with pus: bacteria, dead leukocytes, and necrotic tissue. can grow to golf ball size.
43
Q1. Boil: contraindicated/indicated?
local contraindication; unless there are signs of systematic infection, in which it would be general contraindication.
44
Q1. What is cellulitis?
a general streptococcal infection of deep layers of the skin
45
Q1. Cellulitis: signs and symptoms?
tender, red, swollen area. sometimes indications of systematic infection (fever, swollen nodes, headache) precede an obvious skin injury.
46
Q1. Cellulitis: contraindication/indication
general contraindication until infection is cleared.
47
Q1. what is erysipelas (St.Anthony's Fire)?
a streptococcal infection of superficial layers of the skin. Shows a sharp margin between involved and uninvolved skin; the red edges are usually very clear. Similar to cellulitis
48
Q1. Impetigo: signs and symptoms
Lesions usually occur around the nose and mouth, but can infect the skin anywhere. Usually cluster of small red sores that blister, thee rupture and form yellow crusts.
49
Q1. Impetigo: contraindications/indications
General contraindication because of the high risk of communicability. If client reports that someone in his or her house has impetigo, it is best to reschedule the appointment for after the infection is over.
50
Q1. What is impetigo?
A bacterial infection, in most cases caused by Staphylococcus aureus, usually restricted to the epidermis.
51
Q1. Warts: signs and symptoms
Come in several different presentations depending on were they are found and the caustive strain of HPV. Usually they look like flaky nodules. Hard cauliflower-shaped lumps.
52
Q1. Warts: contraindication/indication
Local contraindication
53
Q1. What are warts?
Warts are small, benign growths caused by varieties of HPV (viruses). They grow slowly.
54
Q1. Acne: signs and symptoms?
Locally painful, but not usually associated with systemic infection. raised, inflamed bumps or pustules on the skin, sometimes with white or black tips.
55
Q1. Acne: contraindication/indication?
Local contraindication because of risk of infection, pain or exacerbating the problem with massage medium.
56
Q1. What is acne?
Acne vulgaris is a bacterial condition of sebaceous lands usually found on the face, neck and upper back. It is closely associated with adolescence, but often persists well into adulthood.
57
Q1. What is dermititis?
An umbrella term meaning skin inflammation, generally non-infectious.
58
Q1. Dermititis and eczema: signs and symptoms?
Redness, inflammed, rash, blistered, dry, flaky
59
Q1. Dermititis and eczema: contraindications/indications?
Locally contraindicated until acute stage is over.
60
Q1. Skin cancer: signs and symptoms?
Basal cell annd squamous cell carcinomas are often recognized by a sore that doesn't heal, or that comes and goes in the same place. these sores can look like almost anything: blisters, pimples, ulcerations, bumps, or abrasions. They are usually painless, but may itch or bleed. Melanoma usually involves a dark lesion that exhibits classic ABCDE signs, but some tumors may be more subtle.
61
Q1. What is skin cancer?
Cancer is the uncontrolled replication of cells.
62
Q1. Is skin cancer contagious?
No.
63
Q1. Skin cancer: contraindications/indications
Local contraindication. The benefits of massage with skin cancer is that the therapist is in the unique position for early detection of possible skin cancer.
64
Q1. What is ABCDE of melanoma?
Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Elevated/Evolving
65
Q1. Melanoma: A-asymmetry
Most benign moles are round or oval. Melanomas are irregular in shape
66
Q1. Melanoma: B-borders
Borders of melanomas are often inconsistent: in some area, they are clear, and in others on the same lesion, they may be faded or hard to identify.
67
Q1. Melanoma: C-color
Benign moles are black, brown or purple. Melanomas tend to be multicolored.
68
Q1. Melanoma: D-diameter
Melanomas are typically larger than many moles. any molegreater than 6 mm across should be examined by a dermatologist.
69
Q1. Melanoma: E-elevated or evolving
The traditional usage refers to the fact that some melanomas, especially the nodular type, are elevated. Another way to use the E is for "evolving," which refers to the fact that melanomas often change rapidly.
70
Q1. What is a mole or nevi?
An area where melanocytes replicate, but without threatening to invade surrounding tissues. the melanocytes produce extra melanin, causing symmetrical brown, purple, blue or reddish growths with well defined borders.
71
Q1. Decubitus Ulcers: signs and symptoms
Open craters in the skin, they don't form a crust and they may penetrate all the way to the bone.
72
Q1. What is a decubitus ulcer?
Bed sore, pressure sore, or trophic ulcer... stems from inadequate blood flow to the skin that is compressed between bone and another surface.
73
Q1. Decubitus ulcer: contraindication/indication
Because the risk of infection is very high with decubitus ulcers, local to general contraindication is recommended. Massage may reduce the risk of decubitus ulcers!
74
Q1. What is psoriasis?
A non-contagious chronic skin condition involving the excess production of skin cells that pile up into lesions. Possibly auto-immune.
75
Q1. Psoriasis: contraindication/indication
As long as skin is intact so the risk of secondary infretion is low, clients with psoriasis can receive any kind of bodywork that doesn't make itching worse, and the dry skin and flaking that accompanies this condition may improve. Using a hypoallergenic lubrication may be important for this population. If psoriasis is itchy, massage may exacerbate that symptom.
76
Q1. Psoriasis: signs and symptoms?
Red circular lesions, often with a silvery scale on top.
77
Q3. Cramps may be alleviated by passively stretching the antagonist muscle. T or F
true (??? still debating)
78
Q3. Which can lead to a trigger point: hyperemia, mechanical stressors, or endorphins?
mechanical stressors (??? still debating)
79
Q3. Which is initially the most effective treatment for sprains: sports massage, contrast therapy, R.I.C.E., sprains are contraindicated?
R.I.C.E.
80
Q3. What describes a muscle spasm?
low-grade, long lasting contraction
81
Q3. What is known as "the abnormal joining together of tissues after inflammation"?
adhesion
82
Q3. What is another term for a cervical acceleration / deceleration injury?
whiplash
83
Q3. What is an injury of the muscle and/or tendon?
strain
84
Q3. Which arthritis is an autoimmune disorder: rheumatoid, gout, osteoarthritis?
rheumatoid
85
Q3. What condition is recognized by acute pain during the first few steps in the morning?
plantar fasciitis
86
Q3. What disorder is characterized by the presence of "tender point" throughout the body?
fibromyalgia
87
Q3. Why is massage to be performed with caution on a client with a spinal cord injury?
they are unable to give accurate feedback
88
Q3. Which is considered a chronic degenerative disease: polio, cerebal palsy, amytrophic lateral sclerosis?
amytrophic lateral sclerosis
89
Q3. Tremors are always associated with a neurological disorder. T or F
False; it can be a free-standing disorder
90
Q3. What should you do if a client has a seizure while you are giving a massage?
stay with your client AND call 911
91
Q3. Which of the 3 is an infectious disease: encephalitis, post polio syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome?
encephalitis
92
Q3. A client with nervous system injuries must have a doctors' permission. T or F
false
93
Q3. Which disease causes memory loss: amytrophic lateral sclerosis, alzheimers?
alzheimers
94
Q3. What is paralysis of both lower limbs?
paraplegia
95
Q3. What describes cerebral palsy?
motor neuron impairment
96
Q3. What is the most common cause of stroke?
a blockage in blood flow or internal hemorrhage
97
Q3. SPASM: sign and symptoms?
painful and may cause inefficient movement but may not have acute symptoms.
98
Q3. SPASM/CRAMP: questions you might ask a client?
1) deficiency in calcium or magnesium?
2) dehydrated?
3) glucose or sodium deficiency?
4) anything impeding oxygen flow?
5) overworked muscle, (leading to lack of oxygen flow)?
6) electrolyte imbalance?
7) athlete: adequate warm up and stretch?
8) underlying conditions? diabetes, anemia, kidney disorders, multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, dystonia, local nerve compression
9) on any pain killers or muscle relaxants?
99
Q3. SPASM: what are they?
low-grade, long lasting contractions of muscles
100
Q4. Common questions to ask in general when someone has a circulatory disorder?
1. How long ago were you diagnosed?
2. How does this interfere in your daily life?
3. What medications are you taking?
4. What symptoms, if any, do you have?
101
Q4. What are some signs and symptoms of a circulatory disorder?
poor circulation, disorientation, loss of feeling, shortness of breath
102
Q4. What do you do if someone comes to you for a massage with signs/symptoms of a circulatory disorder that has not been diagnosed?
recommend they see a medical doctor for further evaluation
103
Q4. What's a HEMATOMA?
a localized mass of blood outside the blood vessel, usually clotted
104
Q4. What's THROMBOPHLEBITIS? & DVT (deep vein thrombosis)
Veins that have become obstructed & inflamed due to blood clots. occur most often in the calves, thighs & pelvis.
THROMBOPHLEBITIS = clots in superficial leg veins
DVT = clots in deeper leg veins
105
Q4. What are some symptoms of THROMBOPHLEBITIS?
major signs of inflammation: pain, heat, redness & swelling. sometimes a hard cord where the vein is affected, & edema with discoloration distal to the area are present when chronic = skin flaking, discoloration, skin ulcers. If caused by a local infection = fever & generalized illness may also be present
106
Q4. Are blood clots contraindicated?
"A client with a diagnosed blood clot is NOT a candidate for any rigorous massage until that situation has completely stabilized." p248 (the risk is that the clot could fragment, embolize & land in the lung) Clients on anti-coagulant (blood thinners) are at risk for bleeding & bruising--any bodywork performed must accommodate for those possibilities. Deep unilateral calf pain is a warning sign = use caution!
107
Q4. What's an ANEURYSM?
a bulge in the wall of an artery, most often in the thoracic or abdominal aorta or at the base of the brain. they are identified when the diameter of the bulge becomes more than 150% of normal. a ruptured aneurysm can be fatal. (see p 249 in pathology book for types & more info)
108
Q4. What's ARTHEROSCLEROSIS?
A condition where arteries become inelastic & brittle as a result of plaque deposits on the artery walls. Silent at first, it's connected to several other types of circulatory problems. (see p. 251 for more info & a graphic) Also known as 'hardening of the arteries"
109
Q4. The 1st symptom of _______ is a fatal heart attack in 50% of its victims.
hypertension (high blood pressure) Affecting about 1/3 of all adults in the USA, it's now defined as a B/P reading consistently above 140/90.
110
Q4. What disease is known as the 'silent killer?'
hypertension. when subtle signs are occasionally observed, they include shortness of breath after mild exercise, headaches or dizziness, ankle swelling, excessive sweating, anxiety, occasional nosebleeds.
111
Q4. Is a hypertensive client okay for bodywork?
If untreated or unmanaged = do not massage.
| if they've been told they can exercise, they are a good candidate for most kinds of bodywork.
112
Q4. RAYNAUD'S SYNDROME (ray-NO) is a condition involving:
a. swelling in the lower limbs
b. the arterioles in the hands & feet
c. cardiac tissue inflamation
b. the arterioles in the hands & feet (& sometimes the nose, ears & lips) Affected areas go through color changes of white, ashy gray, to blue or red. Attacks can last from less than a minute to several hours, causing pain, numbness and/or tingling to follow
113
Q4. Is massage risky for Raynaud's Syndrome clients?
If it's attached to an underlying pathology, caution must be followed for that condition; otherwise careful massage can be of benefit.
114
Q4. Another name for a heart attack is:
a. cerebrovascular incident
b. angina
c. myocardial infarction
c. myocardial infarction
115
Q4. What IS a heart attack?
Damage to the myocardium caused by an obstruction in blood flow through the coronary arteries, which results in permanent myocardial damage.
116
Q4. What are some symptoms of a heart attack?
Feeling chest pressure, spreading pain, light-headedness, dizziness and nausea. sometimes they occur with no symptoms at all.
117
Q4. Name some risk factors for heart attacks.
As with other cardiovascular diseases, risk factors include:
age, gender, (more men have them until women have menopause then =) family history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of exercise & stress.
118
Q4. Heart failure is ________________.
The heart is wearing out & can't keep up with the needs of the body. Slowly progressing, it can cause weakness & shortness of breath, ankle edema, chest pain, cold sweaty skin, a fast irregular pulse, coughing when lying down, & poor stamina.
119
Q4. An _______________ is a traveling clot.
embolism
120
Q4. What is thrombus?
a lodged clot
121
Q4. What are some early signs and symptoms of emboli and thrombi?
sometimes may be subtle or non-existent, or shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing up blood.
122
Q4. Is embolism or thrombus contraindicated for massage?
yes, if it is bodywork that intends to push fluid or significantly manipulate tissue. medications being taken for these disorders also contraindicate vigorous massage.
