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USMLE > PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Apoptosis aka

A

Programmed cell death.

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2
Q

Apoptosis characteristics

A

cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, and
formation of apoptotic bodies, which are then phagocytosed.

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3
Q

Apoptosis when

A

embryogenesis, hormone -induction (menstruation), -immune cell– mediated death,

  • injurious stimuli (e.g., radiation, hypoxia),
  • atrophy.
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4
Q

Enzymatic degradation of a cell resulting from exogenous injury.

A

Necrosis

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5
Q

Characterized by enzymatic digestion and protein denaturation, with release of
intracellular components.

A

Necrosis

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6
Q

Necrosis

Different types and there locations

A

Morphologically occurs as -coagulative (heart, liver, kidney), -liquefactive (brain),

  • caseous (tuberculosis),
  • fat (pancreas), -fibrinoid, or gangrenous (limbs, GI tract).
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7
Q

Cell injury reversible or irreversible Cellular swelling?

A

Reversible

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8
Q

Cell injury reversible or irreversible Nuclear chromatin clumping?

A

Reversible

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9
Q

Cell injury reversible or irreversible Decreased ATP synthesis?

A

Reversible

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10
Q

Cell injury reversible or irreversible Ribosomal detachment?

A

Reversible

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11
Q

Cell injury reversible or irreversible Glycogen depletion?

A

Reversible

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12
Q

Cell injury reversible or irreversible Plasma membrane damage?

A

Irreversible

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13
Q

Cell injury reversible or irreversible Lysosomal rupture?

A

Irreversible

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14
Q

Cell injury reversible or irreversible Ca2+ influx → oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Irreversible

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15
Q

Cell injury reversible or irreversible Nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis?

A

Irreversible

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16
Q

Cell injury reversible or irreversible Mitochondrial permeability?

A

Irreversible

17
Q

cells in acute Inflammation

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody mediated

18
Q

cells in chronic Inflammation

A

Mononuclear cell mediated:

19
Q

Phases of Inflammation

A

Fluid exudation Leukocyte activation Fibrosis Acute Chronic Resolution

20
Q

Free radical injury what initiates it

A

Initiated via
radiation exposure, metabolism of drugs (phase I), redox reaction,
nitric oxide,
transition metals, leukocyte oxidative burst.

21
Q

Inflammation 5 features

A

Characterized by

  • rubor (redness),
  • dolor (pain),
  • calor (heat),
  • tumor (swelling) -functio lassa (loss of function).
22
Q

cells in acute Inflammation

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody mediated

23
Q

cells in chronic Inflammation

A

Mononuclear cell mediated:

24
Q

Phases of Inflammation

A

Fluid exudation Leukocyte activation Fibrosis Acute Chronic Resolution

25
Q

Free radical injury what initiates it

A

Initiated via
radiation exposure, metabolism of drugs (phase I), redox reaction,
nitric oxide,
transition metals, leukocyte oxidative burst.

26
Q

Free radical injury when is it a big problem

A

reperfusion after thrombolytic therapy.

27
Q

Cytokines involved in acute inflammation

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha

28
Q

Stages of Leukocyte extravasation

A
  1. Rolling

2. Tight binding 3. Diapedesis 4. Migration

29
Q

Leukocyte extravasation what mediates migration?

A

chemotactic signals (e.g., cytokines).

30
Q

Leukocyte extravasation what mediates Tight binding?

A

ICAM-1 on vascular endothelium binding to LFA-1 on

the leukocyte.

31
Q

Leukocyte extravasation what mediates Rolling?

A

E-selectin on vascular endothelium binding to Sialyl-LewisX

on the leukocyte.

32
Q

What is Diapedisis

A

––leukocyte travels between endothelial cells and exits blood vessel.

33
Q

Free radical injury what initiates it

A

Initiated via
radiation exposure, metabolism of drugs (phase I), redox reaction,
nitric oxide,
transition metals, leukocyte oxidative burst

34
Q

Free radical injury when is it a big problem

A

reperfusion after thrombolytic therapy

35
Q

What happens in different phases of Inflammation?

Fluid exudation

A

Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, endothelial injury

36
Q

What happens in different phases of Inflammation?

Leukocyte activation

A

Emigration (rolling, tight binding, diapedesis) Chemotaxis (bacterial products, complement, chemokines) Phagocytosis and killing

37
Q

What happens in different phases of Inflammation?

Chronic

A

Mononuclear cell mediated: Characterized by persistent destruction and repair Granuloma—nodular collections of macrophages and giant cells

38
Q

Maintains granulomas

A

TNF-a

39
Q

Free radical injury what are the antioxidants

A

vitamins E and A

USMLE (7 decks)

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