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USMLE > EMBRYO > Flashcards

EMBRYO Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Fetal landmarks Day 0

A

Fertilization by sperm, initiating embryogenesis

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2
Q

Fetal landmarks Within week 1

A

Implantation (as a blastocyst)

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3
Q

Fetal landmarks Within week 2

A

Bilaminar disk (epiblast:hypoblast).

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4
Q

Fetal landmarks Within week 3

A

Gastrulation. Primitive streak, notochord, and neural plate begin to form

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5
Q

Fetal landmarks Weeks 3–8 wk

A

Neural tube formed. Organogenesis. Extremely susceptible to teratogens.

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6
Q

Fetal landmarks Week 4

A

Heart begins to beat: 4 chambers in week 4. Upper and lower limb buds begin to form.

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7
Q

Fetal landmarks Week 8

A

Fetal movement; fetus looks like a baby.

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8
Q

Fetal landmarks Week 10

A

Genitalia have male/female characteristics.

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9
Q

Fetal landmarks plates with functions

A

Alar plate - Sensory Basal plate - Motor

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10
Q

Embryologic derivatives Neural crest

A

ANS, dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, enterochromaffin cells, pia and arachnoid, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells, odontoblasts, parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid, laryngeal cartilage, bones of the skull

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11
Q

Embryologic derivatives Endoderm

A

Gut tube epithelium and derivatives (e.g., lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells).

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12
Q

Fetal landmarks first week

A

Fertilization - day 1 Zygote - day 2 Morula - day 3 blastocyst - day 5 implantation - day 6

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13
Q

Embryologic derivatives Mesoderm

A

Dura mater, connective tissue, muscle, bone, cardiovascular structures, lymphatics, blood urogenital structures, serous linings of body cavities (e.g., peritoneal), spleen, adrenal cortex, kidneys.

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14
Q

Embryologic derivatives Notochord

A

Induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate). Its only postnatal derivative is the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk.

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15
Q

Teratogens effect/cause Alcohol

A

Birth defects and mental retardation (leading cause); fetal alcohol syndrome

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16
Q

Teratogens effect/cause ACE inhibitors

A

Renal damage

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17
Q

Teratogens effect/cause

Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction

A

Cocaine

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18
Q

Teratogens effect/cause Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

A

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

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19
Q

Teratogens effect/cause Iodide

A

Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism

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20
Q

Teratogens effect/cause 13-cis-retinoic acid

A

Extremely high risk for birth defects (hearing and visual impairment, missing earlobes, facial dysmorphism, and mental retardation)

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21
Q

Tetarogens effect/cause Thalidomide

A

Limb defects (“flipper” limbs)

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22
Q

Teratogens effect/cause

Tobacco

A

Preterm labor, placental problems, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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23
Q

Teratogens effect/cause Warfarin

A

multiple

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24
Q

Teratogens effect/cause anticonvulsants

A

multiple

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25
Q

Teratogens effect/cause Xrays

A

multiple

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26
Q

FAS

what are the defects

A

craniofacial abnormalities microcephaly

limb dislocation heart and lung fistulas

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27
Q

FAS mech

A

unknown, but may include inhibition of cell migration

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28
Q

Rule of 2’s for 2nd week

A
  • -2 germ layers (bilaminar disk): epiblast, hypoblast. –2 cavities: amniotic cavity, yolk sac.
  • -2 components to placenta: cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast.
29
Q

The epiblast

precursor to what and what it does/forms

A

(precursor to ectoderm) invaginates to form primitive streak. Cells from the primitive streak give rise to both intraembryonic mesoderm and endoderm.

30
Q

Rule of 3’s for 3rd week

A

3 germ layers (gastrula): ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

31
Q

Embryologic derivatives Neuroectoderm

A

Neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland.

32
Q

Embryologic derivatives Surface ectoderm

A

Adenohypophysis; lens of eye; epithelial linings of skin, ear, eye, and nose; epidermis.

33
Q

Branchial apparatus

different parts and what they are from

A

Branchial clefts are derived from ectoderm. Branchial arches are derived from mesoderm and neural crests. Branchial pouches are derived from endoderm.

34
Q

Branchial apparatus aka/s

A

Branchial apparatus is also called pharyngeal apparatus. Clefts are also called grooves

35
Q

Branchial apparatus layers

A

CAP covers outside from inside

Clefts = ectoderm, Arches = mesoderm, Pouches = endoderm

36
Q

Branchial arch 1 derivatives cartilage

A

Meckel’s cartilage, Mandible,

Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament.

37
Q

Branchial arch 1 derivatives muscles

A

Muscles: Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids) Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2⁄3 of tongue.

38
Q

Branchial arch 1 derivatives nerves

A

Nerve: CN V2 and CN V3

39
Q

Branchial arch 2 derivatives cartilage

A

Reichert’s cartilage: Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament.

40
Q

Branchial arch 2 derivatives muscle

A

Muscles: muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric.

41
Q

Branchial arch 2 derivatives nerves

A

Nerve: CN VII.

42
Q

Branchial arch 3 derivatives cartilage

A

Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid.

43
Q

Branchial arch 3 derivatives muscle

A

Muscle: stylopharyngeus.

44
Q

Branchial arch 3 derivatives nerves

A

Nerve: CN IX

45
Q

Branchial arch 4,6 derivatives cartilages

A

Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform.

46
Q

Branchial arch 4 derivatives muscle

A

Muscles (4th arch): most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini.

47
Q

Branchial arch 4 derivatives nerves

A

Nerve: 4th arch––CN X (superior laryngeal branch);

48
Q

Branchial arch 6 derivatives muscles

A

Muscles (6th arch): all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid.

49
Q

Branchial arch 6 derivatives nerves

A

6th arch––CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch).

50
Q

Which Branchial arch

form posterior 1/3 of tongue.

A

Arches 3 and 4

51
Q

which Branchial arch

makes no major developmental contributions.

A

Arch 5

52
Q

Branchial arch innervation and implications

A

Arch 1 – CN V2 and V3. Arch 2 – CN VII. Arch 3 – CN IX. Arch 4 and 6 –CN X.
with the exception of V2(no motor) these are the only CN’s that have both sensory and motor components

53
Q

Branchial cleft derivatives 1st

A

1st cleft develops into external auditory meatus.

54
Q

Branchial cleft derivatives 2nd-4th

A

2nd through 4th clefts form temporary cervical sinuses which are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme.

55
Q

Persistent cervical sinus can lead to

what and where

A

a branchial cyst in the lateral neck.

Thyroglossal duct cyst in midline neck.

56
Q

Ear development Bones

A

Malleus/incus–– 1st arch Stapes––2nd arch

57
Q

Ear development Muscles

A 
Tensor tyMpani (V3)––1st arch
Stapedius (VII)––2nd arch
58
Q

Branchial pouch derivatives 1st pouch

A

middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells.

59
Q

Branchial pouch derivatives 2nd pouch

A

develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil.

60
Q

Branchial pouch derivatives 3rd pouch

A 
3rd pouch (dorsal wings) develops into inferior parathyroids.
3rd pouch (ventral wings) develops into thymus
61
Q

Branchial pouch derivatives develops into thymus.

A

3rd pouch (ventral wings)

62
Q

Branchial pouch derivatives

develops into superior parathyroids.

A

4th pouch

63
Q

Branchial pouch Aberrant development of 3rd

and 4th pouches →

A

DiGeorge syndrome

64
Q

Cleft lip

A

failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of 1° palate).

65
Q

failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of 1° palate).

A

Cleft lip

66
Q

Cleft palate

A

failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process (formation of 2° palate).

67
Q

failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process (formation of 2° palate).

A

Cleft palate

68
Q

Increase in AFP

A

Neural Tube defect and omphocele

69
Q

Decrease in AFP

A

Down Syndrome

USMLE (7 decks)

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