NEURO Flashcards
Brain Locations of Synthesis of neurotransmitters
NE
Locus Ceruleus
Brain Locations of Synthesis of neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Ventral tegmentum and SNc
Brain Locations of Synthesis of neurotransmitters
5-HT
Raphe Nucleus
Brain Locations of Synthesis of neurotransmitters
ACh
Basal nucleus of Mynert
Meningomyelocele
–meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal canal defect.
Meningocele
––meninges herniate through spinal canal defect.
Spina bifida occulta mech and description
––failure of bony spinal canal to close, but no structural herniation.
Usually seen at lower vertebral levels.
Neural tube defects cause and test
Associated with low folic acid intake during pregnancy.
Elevated α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid and maternal serum.
what forms the BBB
Tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
. Basement membrane . Astrocyte processes
Other barriers include: not BBB
- Blood-testis barrier
2. Maternal-fetal blood barrier of placenta
BBB transport
wrt Glucose, proteins and lipids
Glucose and amino acids cross by carrier- mediated
transport mechanism.
Nonpolar/lipid-soluble substances cross more
readily than do
Parts of brain w/o BBB
(e.g., area postrema––vomiting after chemo) or
neurosecretory products to enter circulation
(e.g., neurohypophysis––ADH release).
These cells are destroyed in multiple sclerosis.
Oligodendroglia
CNS/PNS Support Cells role of Schwann cells–
peripheral myelin production.s
CNS/PNS Support Cells role of Microglia
phagocytosis.
CNS/PNS Support Cells role of Oligodendroglia
central myelin production
CNS/PNS Support Cells role of Ependymal cells
–inner lining of ventricles.
Astrocytes what they do
physical support, repair, K+ metabolism; help maintain blood-brain barrier.
Astrocyte marker:
GFAP
Acoustic neuroma is an example of
schwannoma.
Mesodermal origin.
Not readily discernible in Nissl stains.
Have small irregular
nuclei and relatively little cytoplasm.
Microglia
HIV-infected ????? fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS.
Microglia
Derivation of All CNS/PNS support cells
Microglia, like macrophages, originate from mesoderm. All other CNS/PNS supportive cells originate from ectoderm.
Hypothalamus functions
The hypothalamus wears TAN HATS.
Thirst Adenohypophysis Neruohypophysis Hunger
Autonomic regulation Temp regulation Sexual urges
Hypothalamus Location involved in Thirst
Thirst and water balance (supraoptic nucleus).
Hypothalamus Location involved in Neurohypophysis
Neurohypophysis and median eminence release
hormones synthesized in hypothalamic nuclei.
Hypothalamus Location involved in Hunger ans satiety
Hunger (lateral ucleus; damage → anorexia/starvation
Satiety (ventromedial nucleus; damage → hyperphagia and obesity).
Hypothalamus Location involved in Autonomic regulation
anterior hypothalamus regulates parasympathetic;
posterior hypothalamus regulates sympathetic
circadian rhythms (suprachiasmatic nucleus).
Hypothalamus Location involved in Temperature regulation
(posterior hypothalamus regulates heat conservation and production when cold;
Anterior hypothalamus coordinates Cooling when hot).
Hypothalamus Location involved in Sexual urges and emotions
Septal nucleus–– destruction → rage
Posterior pituitary aka
neurohypophysis
neurohypophysis
where axonal projections come from
Receives hypothalamic axonal projections from
- supraoptic (ADH)
- paraventricular (oxytocin) nuclei.
Given the Spinal cord lesion
give the Conditions and the clinical findings
fibers of spinothalamic tract damaged
Syringomyelia:
bilateral
loss of pain and temperature sensation
What is Syringomyelia what is damaged and how does it present
Enlargement of the central canal of spinal cord.
Crossing fibers of spinothalamic tract are damaged.
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in
upper extremities with preservation of touch sensationtion
Syringomyelia association
Often presents in patients with Arnold-Chiari malformation.
Syringomyelia location
Most common at C8–T1.
Bilateral schwannoma found in?
neurofibromatosis type 2.
Adult Primary brain tumors
often localized to 8th nerve →acoustic. Resectable.
C. Schwannoma
consequences of Brain lesions at
Reticular activating system
Coma
