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USMLE > NEURO > Flashcards

NEURO Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Brain Locations of Synthesis of neurotransmitters

NE

A

Locus Ceruleus

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2
Q

Brain Locations of Synthesis of neurotransmitters

Dopamine

A

Ventral tegmentum and SNc

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3
Q

Brain Locations of Synthesis of neurotransmitters

5-HT

A

Raphe Nucleus

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4
Q

Brain Locations of Synthesis of neurotransmitters

ACh

A

Basal nucleus of Mynert

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5
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

–meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal canal defect.

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6
Q

Meningocele

A

––meninges herniate through spinal canal defect.

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7
Q

Spina bifida occulta mech and description

A

––failure of bony spinal canal to close, but no structural herniation.
Usually seen at lower vertebral levels.

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8
Q

Neural tube defects cause and test

A

Associated with low folic acid intake during pregnancy.

Elevated α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid and maternal serum.

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9
Q

what forms the BBB

A

Tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
. Basement membrane . Astrocyte processes

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10
Q

Other barriers include: not BBB

A
  1. Blood-testis barrier

2. Maternal-fetal blood barrier of placenta

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11
Q

BBB transport

wrt Glucose, proteins and lipids

A

Glucose and amino acids cross by carrier- mediated
transport mechanism.
Nonpolar/lipid-soluble substances cross more
readily than do

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12
Q

Parts of brain w/o BBB

A

(e.g., area postrema––vomiting after chemo) or
neurosecretory products to enter circulation
(e.g., neurohypophysis––ADH release).

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13
Q

These cells are destroyed in multiple sclerosis.

A

Oligodendroglia

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14
Q

CNS/PNS Support Cells role of Schwann cells–

A

peripheral myelin production.s

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15
Q

CNS/PNS Support Cells role of Microglia

A

phagocytosis.

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16
Q

CNS/PNS Support Cells role of Oligodendroglia

A

central myelin production

17
Q

CNS/PNS Support Cells role of Ependymal cells

A

–inner lining of ventricles.

18
Q

Astrocytes what they do

A

physical support, repair, K+ metabolism; help maintain blood-brain barrier.

19
Q

Astrocyte marker:

A

GFAP

20
Q

Acoustic neuroma is an example of

A

schwannoma.

21
Q

Mesodermal origin.
Not readily discernible in Nissl stains.
Have small irregular
nuclei and relatively little cytoplasm.

A

Microglia

22
Q

HIV-infected ????? fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS.

A

Microglia

23
Q

Derivation of All CNS/PNS support cells

A

Microglia, like macrophages, originate from mesoderm. All other CNS/PNS supportive cells originate from ectoderm.

24
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

The hypothalamus wears TAN HATS.
Thirst Adenohypophysis Neruohypophysis Hunger
Autonomic regulation Temp regulation Sexual urges

25
Q

Hypothalamus Location involved in Thirst

A

Thirst and water balance (supraoptic nucleus).

26
Q

Hypothalamus Location involved in Neurohypophysis

A

Neurohypophysis and median eminence release

hormones synthesized in hypothalamic nuclei.

27
Q

Hypothalamus Location involved in Hunger ans satiety

A

Hunger (lateral ucleus; damage → anorexia/starvation

Satiety (ventromedial nucleus; damage → hyperphagia and obesity).

28
Q

Hypothalamus Location involved in Autonomic regulation

A

anterior hypothalamus regulates parasympathetic;
posterior hypothalamus regulates sympathetic
circadian rhythms (suprachiasmatic nucleus).

29
Q

Hypothalamus Location involved in Temperature regulation

A

(posterior hypothalamus regulates heat conservation and production when cold;
Anterior hypothalamus coordinates Cooling when hot).

30
Q

Hypothalamus Location involved in Sexual urges and emotions

A

Septal nucleus–– destruction → rage

31
Q

Posterior pituitary aka

A

neurohypophysis

32
Q

neurohypophysis

where axonal projections come from

A

Receives hypothalamic axonal projections from

  • supraoptic (ADH)
  • paraventricular (oxytocin) nuclei.
33
Q

Given the Spinal cord lesion
give the Conditions and the clinical findings
fibers of spinothalamic tract damaged

A

Syringomyelia:
bilateral
loss of pain and temperature sensation

34
Q

What is Syringomyelia what is damaged and how does it present

A

Enlargement of the central canal of spinal cord.
Crossing fibers of spinothalamic tract are damaged.
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in
upper extremities with preservation of touch sensationtion

35
Q

Syringomyelia association

A

Often presents in patients with Arnold-Chiari malformation.

36
Q

Syringomyelia location

A

Most common at C8–T1.

37
Q

Bilateral schwannoma found in?

A

neurofibromatosis type 2.

38
Q

Adult Primary brain tumors

often localized to 8th nerve →acoustic. Resectable.

A

C. Schwannoma

39
Q

consequences of Brain lesions at

Reticular activating system

A

Coma

USMLE (7 decks)

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