Mirco Flashcards
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria toxin. Inactivate elongation factor
EF-2
some toxins encoded by lysogenic phages
ABCDE
- shigA-like toxin -Botulinum toxin
- Cholera toxin -Diphtheria toxin -Erythrogenic toxin of -Streptococcus pyogenes
examples of Obligate anaerobes
-Actinomyces -Bacterioides -Clostridium
Bacterial cAMP inducers
cAMP
- Choerae
- Anthrax
- E.coli (imagine the heat (heat -labile) has caused the E to faint and as fallen over to make an M
- Pertussis
Peliosis Hepatis
is an uncommon vascular condition characterised by randomly distributed multiple blood-filled cavities throughout liver.
Peliosis Hepatis causes
HIV bartonella malignancy drugs
Leptospira interrogans appearance and where found
Question marke shape spirochete bacteria in water contaminated with animal urine
Leptospira interrogans clinical findings
luelike with fever, headache, stomach pain and jaundace
also Weil’s disease - severe form of jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction; fever, hemorrhage, and anemia
Tricky T’s”
-Typhoid fever=Salmonella typhi -C.trachomatis=bacteria, STD. -Trichomonas vaginalis=protozoan, STD. -Trichinella spiralis=worm in pork. -Trypanosoma=Chagas’ disease or African ss. -Treponema=spirochete; causes syphilis (T. pallidum) or yaws (T. pertenue).
Hepatitis virus families
HEP A-picornavirus HEP B-Hepaddnavirus HEP C-flavivirus
HEP D-deltavirus HEP E-Calicivirus/hepivirus
congenital rubella findings
# malformations of the heart (especially patent ductus arteriosus), eyes or brain # deafness # eye defects (especially cataract and microphthalmia # thrombocytopenic purpura (presents as a characteristic "blueberry muffin" rash)
rubella findings
fever, lympadenopathy, arthralgias. mild in children, but serious congenital disease
TORCHES infection Toxoplasma
“clasic triad” of chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications (ring enhanced lesions) and hydrocephalus
TORCHES infection Rubella
Deafness, cataracts, PDA/pulmonary artery stenosis, retardation
TORCHES infection CMV
petechial rash, intracranial calcifications, mental retardation, hepatosplenomgaly, jaundice. 90% are asymptomatic at birth
TORCHES infection HIV
hepatosplenomgaly, neurologic problems, and frequent infections
TORCHES infection HSV-2
encephalitis, conjunctivitis, vesicular skin lesions
TORCHES infection Syphilis
cutaneous lesions, hepatosplenomgaly, jaundice, saddle nose, saber shins, hutchinson teeth, CNVIII deafness,
Top three causes of pneumonia in Children (6 wks–18 yr)
-Viruses (RSV) -Mycoplasma -Chlamydia pneumoniae
Top three causes of pneumonia in Adults (18–40 yr)
-Mycoplasma -C. pneumoniae -S. pneumoniae
Top three causes of pneumonia in Adults (40–65 yr)
-Mycoplasma -C. pneumoniae -S. pneumoniae
Top three causes of pneumonia in Elderly >65
-S. pneumoniae -Viruses -Anaerobes
Top three causes of meningitis in Newborn (0–6 mos)
-Group B streptococci -E. coli -Listeria
Top three causes of meningitis in Children (6 mos–6 yrs)
-Streptococcus pneumoniae -Neisseria meningitidis -Haemophilus influenzae type B
Top three causes of meningitis in 6–60 yrs
-N. meningitidis -Enteroviruses - S. pneumoniae
Top three causes of meningitis in 60 yrs +
-S. pneumoniae -Gram-negative rods -Listeria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Inactivate elongation factor
(EF-2) ; Host Cell death
Shigella spp.
Shiga toxin (ST); Inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA;
GI mucosal damage –>Dysentery
ST also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) including0157:H7 strain
Shiga-like toxin (SLT); Inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA; SLT enhances cytokine release, causing H US; unlike Shigella, EHEC does not invade host cells
Enterotoxigenic
E. coli (ETEC)
Heat-labile toxin (LT) = Overactivates adenylate cyclase (6 cAMP) - ^CL- secretion in gut and H20 efflux
Heat-stable toxin (ST) = Overactivate guanylate cyclase (^ cGMP) –> decreased resorption of NaCI and H20 in gut
Watery diarrhea: labile in the Air (Adenylate cyclase), stable on the Ground (Guanylate cyclase).
Bacillus anthracis
Edema factor = Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (^ cAMP) Likely responsible for characteristic edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax
Vibrio cholerae
Cholera toxin = Overactivates adenylate cyclase (^ cAMP) by permanently activating Gs –> ^ Cl- secretion in gut and H20 efflux; Voluminous “rice-water” diarrhea
Bordetella pertussis
Overactivates adenylate cyclase (^ cAMP) by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe; Whooping cough
Clostridium tetani
Tetanospasmin = Cleave SNARE protein required for neurotransmitter release;
Muscle rigidity and “lock jaw”; toxin prevents release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine) neurotransmitters in spinal cord
Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum toxin = Cleave SNARE protein required for neurotransmitter release;
Flaccid paralysis, Aoppy baby; toxin prevents release of stimulatory (ACh) signals at neuromuscular junctions -+ Aaccid paralysis
Clostridium perfringens
Alpha toxin = Phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes; Degradation of phospholipid C -+myonecrosis (“gas gangrene”) and hemolysis (“double zone” of hemolysis on blood agar)
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptolysin 0 = Protein that degrades cell membrane; Lyses RBCs; contributes to B-hemolysis;
host antibodies against toxin (ASO) used to diagnose rheumatic fever (do not confuse with immune complexes of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis)
Staphylococcus Aureus
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-l) = Bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside ofantigen binding site
to cause overwhelming release of iFN-y and IL-2 –> shock;
Toxic shock syndrome: fever, rash, shock; other toxins cause scalded skin syndrome (exfoliative toxin) and food poisoning (enterotoxin)
Streptococcus pyogenes
Exotoxin A = Bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside ofantigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of iFN-y and IL-2 –> shock; Toxic shock syndrome :fever, rash, shock
N. gonorrhoeae agar
Thayer-Martin (or VPN) media-Vancomycin (inhibits gram-positive organisms), Polymyxin (inhibits gram-negative organisms except Neisseria), and Nystatin (inhibits fungi); “to connect to Neisseria, please use your VPN client”
N. meningitidis agar
Thayer-Martin (or VPN) media-Vancomycin (inhibits gram-positive organisms), Polymyxin (inhibits gram-negative organisms except Neisseria), and Nystatin (inhibits fungi); “to connect to Neisseria, please use your VPN client”
B. pertussis agar
Borclet-Gengou (potato) agar (Bordet for Bordetella)
M. tuberculosis agar
Lowenstein-Jensen agar
C. diphtheriae agar
Tellurite plate, Loffler’s media
M. pneumoniae agar
Eaton’s agar
Lactose-fermenting enterics Agar
ink colonies on MacConkey’s agar (fermentation produces acid, turning colony pink); E. coli is also grown on eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar as colonies with green metallic sheen
Legionella agar
Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron
Fungi agar
Sauboaurds agar
Live attenuated
BCG measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) oral polio yellow fever oral typhoid
Inactivated preparations
rabies
influenza
Detoxified exotoxins
tetanus
Extracts of the organism/virus (sometimes termed fragment)
diphtheria
pertussis (‘acellular’ vaccine)
hepatitis B
meningococcus, pneumococcus, haemophilus
