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USMLE > Mirco > Flashcards

Mirco Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Diphtheria toxin. Inactivate elongation factor

EF-2

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2
Q

some toxins encoded by lysogenic phages

A

ABCDE

  • shigA-like toxin -Botulinum toxin
  • Cholera toxin -Diphtheria toxin -Erythrogenic toxin of -Streptococcus pyogenes
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3
Q

examples of Obligate anaerobes

A

-Actinomyces -Bacterioides -Clostridium

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4
Q

Bacterial cAMP inducers

A

cAMP

  • Choerae
  • Anthrax
  • E.coli (imagine the heat (heat -labile) has caused the E to faint and as fallen over to make an M
  • Pertussis
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5
Q

Peliosis Hepatis

A

is an uncommon vascular condition characterised by randomly distributed multiple blood-filled cavities throughout liver.

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6
Q

Peliosis Hepatis causes

A

HIV bartonella malignancy drugs

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7
Q

Leptospira interrogans appearance and where found

A

Question marke shape spirochete bacteria in water contaminated with animal urine

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8
Q

Leptospira interrogans clinical findings

A

luelike with fever, headache, stomach pain and jaundace
also Weil’s disease - severe form of jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction; fever, hemorrhage, and anemia

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9
Q

Tricky T’s”

A

-Typhoid fever=Salmonella typhi -C.trachomatis=bacteria, STD. -Trichomonas vaginalis=protozoan, STD. -Trichinella spiralis=worm in pork. -Trypanosoma=Chagas’ disease or African ss. -Treponema=spirochete; causes syphilis (T. pallidum) or yaws (T. pertenue).

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10
Q

Hepatitis virus families

A

HEP A-picornavirus HEP B-Hepaddnavirus HEP C-flavivirus

HEP D-deltavirus HEP E-Calicivirus/hepivirus

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11
Q

congenital rubella findings

A 
# malformations of the heart (especially patent ductus arteriosus), eyes or brain
# deafness
# eye defects (especially cataract and microphthalmia
# thrombocytopenic purpura (presents as a characteristic "blueberry muffin" rash)
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12
Q

rubella findings

A

fever, lympadenopathy, arthralgias. mild in children, but serious congenital disease

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13
Q

TORCHES infection Toxoplasma

A

“clasic triad” of chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications (ring enhanced lesions) and hydrocephalus

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14
Q

TORCHES infection Rubella

A

Deafness, cataracts, PDA/pulmonary artery stenosis, retardation

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15
Q

TORCHES infection CMV

A

petechial rash, intracranial calcifications, mental retardation, hepatosplenomgaly, jaundice. 90% are asymptomatic at birth

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16
Q

TORCHES infection HIV

A

hepatosplenomgaly, neurologic problems, and frequent infections

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17
Q

TORCHES infection HSV-2

A

encephalitis, conjunctivitis, vesicular skin lesions

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18
Q

TORCHES infection Syphilis

A

cutaneous lesions, hepatosplenomgaly, jaundice, saddle nose, saber shins, hutchinson teeth, CNVIII deafness,

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19
Q

Top three causes of pneumonia in Children (6 wks–18 yr)

A

-Viruses (RSV) -Mycoplasma -Chlamydia pneumoniae

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20
Q

Top three causes of pneumonia in Adults (18–40 yr)

A

-Mycoplasma -C. pneumoniae -S. pneumoniae

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21
Q

Top three causes of pneumonia in Adults (40–65 yr)

A

-Mycoplasma -C. pneumoniae -S. pneumoniae

22
Q

Top three causes of pneumonia in Elderly >65

A

-S. pneumoniae -Viruses -Anaerobes

23
Q

Top three causes of meningitis in Newborn (0–6 mos)

A

-Group B streptococci -E. coli -Listeria

24
Q

Top three causes of meningitis in Children (6 mos–6 yrs)

A

-Streptococcus pneumoniae -Neisseria meningitidis -Haemophilus influenzae type B

25
Q

Top three causes of meningitis in 6–60 yrs

A

-N. meningitidis -Enteroviruses - S. pneumoniae

26
Q

Top three causes of meningitis in 60 yrs +

A

-S. pneumoniae -Gram-negative rods -Listeria

27
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Inactivate elongation factor

(EF-2) ; Host Cell death

28
Q

Shigella spp.

A

Shiga toxin (ST); Inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA;
GI mucosal damage –>Dysentery
ST also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS

29
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) including0157:H7 strain

A

Shiga-like toxin (SLT); Inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA; SLT enhances cytokine release, causing H US; unlike Shigella, EHEC does not invade host cells

30
Q

Enterotoxigenic

E. coli (ETEC)

A

Heat-labile toxin (LT) = Overactivates adenylate cyclase (6 cAMP) - ^CL-­ secretion in gut and H20 efflux
Heat-stable toxin (ST) = Overactivate guanylate cyclase (^ cGMP) –> decreased resorption of NaCI and H20 in gut

Watery diarrhea: labile in the Air (Adenylate cyclase), stable on the Ground (Guanylate cyclase).

31
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

Edema factor = Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (^ cAMP) Likely responsible for characteristic edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax

32
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

Cholera toxin = Overactivates adenylate cyclase (^ cAMP) by permanently activating Gs –> ^ Cl- secretion in gut and H20 efflux; Voluminous “rice-water” diarrhea

33
Q

Bordetella pertussis

A

Overactivates adenylate cyclase (^ cAMP) by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe; Whooping cough

34
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

Tetanospasmin = Cleave SNARE protein required for neurotransmitter release;
Muscle rigidity and “lock jaw”; toxin prevents release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine) neurotransmitters in spinal cord

35
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

Botulinum toxin = Cleave SNARE protein required for neurotransmitter release;
Flaccid paralysis, Aoppy baby; toxin prevents release of stimulatory (ACh) signals at neuromuscular junctions -+ Aaccid paralysis

36
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

Alpha toxin = Phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes; Degradation of phospholipid C -+myonecrosis (“gas gangrene”) and hemolysis (“double zone” of hemolysis on blood agar)

37
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Streptolysin 0 = Protein that degrades cell membrane; Lyses RBCs; contributes to B-hemolysis;
host antibodies against toxin (ASO) used to diagnose rheumatic fever (do not confuse with immune complexes of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis)

38
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus

A

Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-l) = Bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside ofantigen binding site
to cause overwhelming release of iFN-y and IL-2 –> shock;
Toxic shock syndrome: fever, rash, shock; other toxins cause scalded skin syndrome (exfoliative toxin) and food poisoning (enterotoxin)

39
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Exotoxin A = Bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside ofantigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of iFN-y and IL-2 –> shock; Toxic shock syndrome :fever, rash, shock

40
Q

N. gonorrhoeae agar

A

Thayer-Martin (or VPN) media-Vancomycin (inhibits gram-positive organisms), Polymyxin (inhibits gram-negative organisms except Neisseria), and Nystatin (inhibits fungi); “to connect to Neisseria, please use your VPN client”

41
Q

N. meningitidis agar

A

Thayer-Martin (or VPN) media-Vancomycin (inhibits gram-positive organisms), Polymyxin (inhibits gram-negative organisms except Neisseria), and Nystatin (inhibits fungi); “to connect to Neisseria, please use your VPN client”

42
Q

B. pertussis agar

A

Borclet-Gengou (potato) agar (Bordet for Bordetella)

43
Q

M. tuberculosis agar

A

Lowenstein-Jensen agar

44
Q

C. diphtheriae agar

A

Tellurite plate, Loffler’s media

45
Q

M. pneumoniae agar

A

Eaton’s agar

46
Q

Lactose-fermenting enterics Agar

A

ink colonies on MacConkey’s agar (fermentation produces acid, turning colony pink); E. coli is also grown on eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar as colonies with green metallic sheen

47
Q

Legionella agar

A

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron

48
Q

Fungi agar

A

Sauboaurds agar

49
Q

Live attenuated

A 
BCG
measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
oral polio
yellow fever
oral typhoid
50
Q

Inactivated preparations

A

rabies

influenza

51
Q

Detoxified exotoxins

A

tetanus

52
Q

Extracts of the organism/virus (sometimes termed fragment)

A

diphtheria
pertussis (‘acellular’ vaccine)
hepatitis B
meningococcus, pneumococcus, haemophilus

USMLE (7 decks)

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