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Year 1 MBChB > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Repair for minimal necrosis and good blood supply?

A

Resolution

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2
Q

Resolution is usually the outcome for what 3 things?

A

Acute inflammation, erosions and abrasions

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3
Q

What is suppuration + when does it occur?

A

Pus formation + if a foreign agent is difficult to get rid of

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4
Q

Repair for mass necrosis and loss of scaffolding?

A

Fibrosis

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5
Q

3 things needed in fibrosis to form granulation tissue + what is organisation charatcterised by + role of fibroblasts?

A

Macrophages, fibroblasts and collagen + proliferation of fibroblasts + angiogenesis

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6
Q

Chronic inflammation cells + what they may form?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes + granuloma

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7
Q

Granulomas are not associated with?

A

Autoimmune disease

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8
Q

Body response to increased stress growth factors?

A

Increased production of growth factors or increased expression of growth factor receptors

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9
Q

3 types of growth factor receptor?

A

With intrinsic tyrosine kinase, without intrinsic tyrosine kinase and GPCRs

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10
Q

Cell cycle is mediated by … which are mediated by … ?

A

CDKs and cyclins

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11
Q

G1 CDK, cyclin and function?

A
  • Cyclin D activates CDK4

- CDK4 phosphorylates Rb which is normally bound to E2F

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12
Q

S phase CDK, cyclin and function?

A

Cyclin A activates CDK2 which promotes DNA replication

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13
Q

Where does p53 check DNA?

A

G1/S and G2/M checkpoints

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14
Q

Hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number

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15
Q

Hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size

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16
Q

Atrophy?

A

Reduction in cells size

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17
Q

Cell death can either be via?

A

Necrosis or apoptosis

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18
Q

What is necrosis + ATP requirement?

A

Pathological cell death and does not require ATP

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19
Q

3 types of necrosis and what they are?

A
  • Coagulative (preserved cell outline)
  • Liquefactive (all liquid and associated with infection)
  • Caseous (cheesy necrosis associated with TB and granulomas)
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20
Q

What is apoptosis + ATP requirement?

A

Programmed cell death which requires ATP

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21
Q

Commonality between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

Both kill via caspase cascade

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22
Q

Extrinsic cell death pathway?

A

Fas binds Fas receptor on target cell and activates caspase cascade

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23
Q

Intrinsic cell death pathway?

A

Bax and Bak puncture mitochondria and release cytochrome C that stimulate caspase cascade

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24
Q

How does p53 cause cell death?

A

Increases p21 levels which inhibit CDKs

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25
Q

Malignancy pathway?

A

Hyperplasia OR metaplasia, dysplasia and malignancy

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26
Q

Difference between the area of spread for dysplastic and malignant cells?

A

Dysplastic cells remain above the basement membrane vs cancer cells which invade below

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27
Q

4 tumour suppressor gene examples?

A

BRCA, APC, p53, Rb

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28
Q

Double hit hypothesis?

A

Mutations needed on both copies of the same gene to get disease

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29
Q

What is HNPCC/Lynch syndrome vs FAP + what they both have in common + specific mutations?

A

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer vs familial adenomatous polyposis + both genetic predisposition to bowel cancer + MMR proteins vs APC tumour suppressor gene

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30
Q

4 oncogene examples?

A

MYC, RAS, HER2, B-RAF

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31
Q

Test for chemical carinogenic potential?

A

Ames’ test

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32
Q

What helps DNA recover from UVB radiation?

A

Nuclear excision repair (NER)

33
Q

Carcinogenic chemicals are ….. but need to be followed by a ……. to ……. ?

A

Initiators, promoter, actually cause cancer

34
Q

Lymphoma tumour suppressor gene mutation?

A

MYC

35
Q

Most commonly mutated kinase in cancer?

A

P13K

36
Q

What adds TTAGGG repeats?

A

Telomerase

37
Q

Function of Bcl-2 + what it allows a tumour to do?

A

Inhibits bax and bak + avoids apoptosis

38
Q

Name 2 conditions that predispose colon cancer?

A

HNPCC and FAP

39
Q

What do cancer cells express to break through the basement membrane?

A

Express metalloproteinases (MMPs) which chew through tissue

40
Q

An increased what indicates dysplasia/ malignancy?

A

Nucleus

41
Q

Ratio used to determine if cells are dysplastic/ malignant?

A

N:C

42
Q

Epithelial malignancy name?

A

Carcinoma

43
Q

Glandular epithelium tumour names?

A

Adenoma (benign) and adenocarcinoma (malignant)

44
Q

Squamous epithelium tumour names?

A

Papilloma (benign) + squamous cell carcinoma (benign)

45
Q

Fat tumour names?

A

Lipoma vs liposarcoma

46
Q

Bone tumour names?

A

Osteoma vs osteosarcoma

47
Q

Cartilage tumour names?

A

Enchondroma vs chondrosarcoma

48
Q

Skeletal muscle tumour names?

A

Rhabdomyoma vs rhabdomyosarcoma

49
Q

Smooth muscle tumour names?

A

Leiomyoma vs leiomyosarcoma

50
Q

CNS malignancy name?

A

Glioma

51
Q

Pigmented skin cell (melanocyte) malignancy name?

A

Melanoma

52
Q

Acronym used for cancer staging + guidelines?

A 
Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM):
T1 = submucosa 
T2 = muscularis externa 
T3 = beyond muscularis externa
T4 = outwith all layers/ contacting neighbouring structure
N0 = no nodes affected
N1 = nodes affected
M0 = no metastasis
M1 = metastasis
53
Q

Grade of a cancer is an indication of?

A

How severe it is

54
Q

Poorly differentiated cell vs well differentiated?

A

High grade vs low grade

55
Q

What is carcinoma-in-situ + it is the last stage before?

A

Dyslplasia affecting the whole epithelium + invasion below the basement membrane

56
Q

2 roles of VEGF?

A

Mediate WBC diapedesis + angiogenesis

57
Q

Dukes A, B and C?

A

A = submucosa, B = muscularis externa and C = past muscularis externa

58
Q

Name for the 8 hallmarks of cancer?

A

Weinberg Hallmarks

59
Q

Fungal spore associated with p53 mutations in liver cancer?

A

Aflatoxins

60
Q

2 “asias” that are at risk of developing into cancer?

A

Metaplasia and hyperplasia

61
Q

Is DNA in hyperplasia and metaplasia abnormal or normal?

A

Normal

62
Q

Malignancy is characterised by?

A

The ability to invade tissue

63
Q

Cancer that produces mucin?

A

Adenocarcinoma

64
Q

Presence of signet cells means what?

A

Bad cancer

65
Q

What is linitus plastica + associated cancer?

A

Rigid stomach + gastric adenocarcinoma

66
Q

4 main cancer categories?

A

Epithelial, mesenchymal (connective tissue), haematologial and neuroectoderm

67
Q

Which lymph nodes does testicular cancer spread to?

A

Para-aortic

68
Q

First organ to investigate with GI malignancy?

A

Liver

69
Q

3 cancers that pops up anywhere?

A

Prostate, small cell lung cancer and melanoma

70
Q

Blood vessels cancer names?

A

Haemangioma vs angiosarcoma

71
Q

Spread of sarcomas vs carcinomas?

A

Local vs metastasis

72
Q

Cancer that forms uniform, solid white masses vs uniform, yellow masses?

A

Lymphomas + carcinoid tumours

73
Q

Are brain tumors more likely to be primary tumor or metastasised carcinoma?

A

Metastisised carcinoma

74
Q

4 categories of cancer treatment?

A

Radical, palliative, adjuvant (after surgery) and neo-adjuvant (before surgery)

75
Q

Epithelioid histiocytes are seen in?

A

Granuloma

76
Q

Children rarely get which type of cancer?

A

Eptheilal/ carcinomas

77
Q

3 tissues that are mesenchymal?

A

Bone, cartilage and muscle

78
Q

Cancer that defies rule of benign naming?

A

Hepatoma

79
Q

Name 2 viruses associated with causing cancer?

A

HPV and EBV

Year 1 MBChB (10 decks)

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