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Year 1 MBChB > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryote vs prokaryote ribosomes?

A

80S vs 70S

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2
Q

Prokaryote equivalent to the nucleus?

A

Nuceloid

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3
Q

Gram -ve summary?

A
  • Stains pink
  • Single-layered peptidoglycan wall
  • Outer membrane
  • High number of lipids, lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides
  • Produces endotoxins
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4
Q

Gram +ve summary?

A
  • Stains purple
  • Multi-layered peptidoglycan wall
  • No outer cell wall
  • Low/no lipids, lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides
  • Produces exotoxins
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5
Q

4 phases of bacterial growth?

A

Lag + exponential + stationary + death/decline

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6
Q

What is the peptidoglycan wall made of?

A

Sugars and amino acids

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7
Q

2 gram -ve cocci?

A

Neisseria meningitidis and gonorrhoeae

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8
Q

2 gram -ve coccibacilli?

A

H. influenza and B. pertussis

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9
Q

3 gram -ve bacilli?

A

Legionella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas

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10
Q

Gram +ve bacilli?

A

Clostridium e.g. C. diff

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11
Q

Gram +ve cocci and test summary?

A
  • Staph (+ve) and strep (-ve) via catalase test
  • S. aureus (+ve) and s. epidermidis (-ve) via coagulase test
  • Haemolysis for group A strep
  • Alpha (green) = partial haemolysis via strep p. and viridans
  • Beta (yellow) = full haemolysis via strep pyogenes
  • Gamma (none) = staph
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12
Q

Gram +ve cocci cluster?

A

Staphylococcus

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13
Q

Gram +ve cocci chains?

A

Streptococcus

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14
Q

Selective media function + example?

A

Allows organisms to be isolated e.g. mannitol salt agar isolates staph

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15
Q

Differencial media function?

A

Chemicals produce visible changes in colonies via promoting differenciation

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16
Q

Bacteriostatic vs baceriocidal action?

A

Target protein/DNA synthesis which resume after removal vs target cell wall and cause cell death

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17
Q

Can you combine bacteriostatic/cidal abx?

A

No

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18
Q

Beta lactam abx?

A

Penicillins and cephalasporins

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19
Q

What is a beta lactam?

A

Chemical group that allows targeting of the bacterial cell wall

20
Q

Abx that target cell wall?

A

Penicillins + cephalasporins + glycopeptides

21
Q

Beta lactam resistant cillin?

A

Temocillin

22
Q

Beta lactamase targeted cillin and how this is overcome?

A

Amoxicillin and combined with clavaunic acid to make co-amoxiclav (beta lactam resistant)

23
Q

Penicillin action?

A

Targets PBPs on bacteria which cross links wall peptidoglycan chains causing cell death

24
Q

Glycopeptides gram cover?

A

Only gram +ve

25
Q

Glycopeptides?

A

Vancomycin and teicoplanin

26
Q

Abx that target protein/DNA synthesis?

A

Tetracyclines + aminoglycosides + macrolides

27
Q

Aminoglycoside?

A

Gentamicin

28
Q

Macrolides?

A

Erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin

29
Q

What one out of TAM is bacteriostatic instead or cidal?

A

Aminoglycosides (gentamicin)

30
Q

Abx affecting nucleic acids?

A

Metronidazole + fluoro/quinolones

31
Q

Abx inhibiting folic acid synthesis?

A

Trimethoprim + sulphonamides

32
Q

5 bacterial adaptations to overcome abx?

A
  • Forming biofilms
  • Persistor cells killing cidal abx
  • Mutation of PBP that created MRSA which is penicillin resistant
  • Increased efflux of abx via channels
  • Horizontal gene transfer
33
Q

4 factors causing abx resistance?

A
  • Prior abx exposure
  • Over-under prescribing
  • Prescribing incorrectly
  • Prescribing when not needed
34
Q

Feature of mycoplasma pneumonia that makes it hard to treat?

A

Lacks a cell wall so is bacteriocidal resisitant

35
Q

2 streptococci that cause alpha haemolysis?

A

Pneumoniae and viridans

35
Q

4 antibiotics commonly used for empirical treatment for gram +ves?

A

Penicillins, vancomycin, teicoplanin and gentamicin

36
Q

Treatment for MRSA and C. Diff?

A

Vancomycin/teicoplanin/gentamicin

37
Q

Treatment for pseudomonas (s sound)?

A

Ciprofloxacin + cephalosporin

38
Q

Treatment for mycoplasma?

A

Tetracycline + macrolide

40
Q

Treatment for legionella?

A

Quinolone + macrolide

41
Q

Is mycobacterium tuberculosis gram +ve or -ve?

A

Gram +ve

42
Q

Antibiotic for coliform of gram -ve aerobe + anaerobes?

A

Gentamicin + metronidazole

43
Q

Antibiotic thats is unsafe during pregnancy and is excreted rapidly via the urine?

A

Gentamicin

44
Q

Is flucloxacillin narrow or wide spectrum?

A

Narrow gram +ve cover

45
Q

Name of the E. Coli 0157 toxin?

A

Veratoxin (VTEC)

46
Q

2 strict aerobes + strict anaerobe?

A

Pseudomonas and legionella + clostridium

47
Q

4 C antibiotics that cause C. diff?

A

Ciprofloxacin, Co-amoixclav, Clindamycin and Cephalasporins

Year 1 MBChB (10 decks)

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