Histology Flashcards
The plasmalemma contains what 3 things?
Phospholipids, cholesterol and protein
3 proteins that make provide cell structure?
Microfilaments, intermediate, microtubules
What are microfilaments made of + use in cancer?
Actin filaments + cell specific so used to identify tumour types
Role of intermediate filaments?
Bind things together in the cytoplasm
What are microtubules made of?
Alpha and beta tubulin subunits
2 main roles of microtubules?
- Radiate from the MTOC and form the mitotic spindle to move chromosomes during cell division
- Act as a railway for motor proteins e.g. kinesin and dynein
What are inclusions?
Components the cell makes itself
Space between nuclear membranes?
Perinuclear cistern
Where is rRNA made?
In the nucleolus
Where is tRNA and mRNA made?
In the nucleus
RER and SER roles?
- RER ribosome binds to mRNA to allow translation
- SER is for processing protein + lipids
Golgi apparatus role?
Modifies protein
Mitochondria structure?
- Double membrane contain the ETC proteins and fold to form cristae
- Middle matrix contains enzymes for the CAC
Tight junctions name + function?
- Zonula occludens
- Prevents diffusion of cell products
Adherent junction name + function?
- Zonula adherens
- Cadherin binds cell neighbor cell actin filaments
Desmosome name + function?
- Macula adherin
- Found holding epithelium together
What makes up a junctional complex?
ZA + MA + ZO
Communicating junction name + function?
- Gap junction
- Connexon forms pores between cells to allow diffusion
Dyes for tissue sample staining + what type of molecule they stain + colour?
Haematoxylin (stains acid molecules purple) and eosin (stains basic molecules pink)
3 epithelium shapes?
Squamous, cuboidal and columnar
3 epithelium levels?
Simple, stratified and pseudostratified
3 epithelium features?
Microvilli (brush border), cilia and keratin
Connective tissue, extracellular matrix and ground substance summary?
- CT = cells and extracellular martix
- EM = fibres and ground substance
- GS = glycosaminoglycans
Connective tissue types summary?
- Soft = loose or dense
- Dense = regular or irregular
- Hard = cartilage
- Cartilage = hyaline, elastic or fibrocartilage
Striations are what?
Myofibrils of actin and myosin in units called sarcomeres
Striated muscle vs non-striated?
Skeletal and cardiac vs smooth
2 main features of smooth muscle cells?
Non-striated + elongated nucleus
2 main features of skeletal muscle cells?
Very striated + multinucleated
3 main features of cardiac muscle cells?
Striated + central nucleus + branched cells
Nervous tissue in CNS vs PNS?
Meninges vs epineureum
3 types of glia in the CNS + roles?
Astrocytes (support + ion transport), oligonderocytes (produce myelin) and microglia (immune surveillance)
3 types of neuron + their structure?
Bipolar, (1 D: I A) multipolar (Many D: 1 A) and pseudounipolar (A has CNS and PNS branch)
Salivary glands + what they make?
- Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
- Have striated ducts to filter out ions
- Parotid makes more serous than mucous
- Sublingual makes more mucous than serous
- Submandibular makes equal amounts
- Serous + mucous = saliva
Layers of the digestive system?
- Mucosa (epithelium + basal lamina/ basement membrane + muscularis mucosae)
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Adventitia or serosa
Layers of blood vessels?
- Tunica intima + media + adevntitia
- Layers separated by by elastic membrane
Change in walls of larger arteries vs veins?
- Arteries = tunica media has more elastic fibres
- Veins = tunica adventitia has more smooth muscle
Where would you find continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal capillaries?
Muscle, gut and liver
Large artery own blood supply?
Vaso vasorum
Haemopoiesis takes place where before birth vs after birth?
Liver + spleen vs bone marrow
Where is most blood?
In the peripheral veins
Granulocytes?
NEB
Agranulocytes?
L + M
Most common WBC?
Neutrophils
Rarest WBC?
Basophils
Neutrophil 3 point summary?
- Main cell in acute inflammation
- Multi-lobed nucleus
- Stains poorly
Eosinophil 3 point summary?
- Active in allergic reaction and parasitic infection (helminthes and protozoa)
- Stains VERY red/pink
- Bi-lobed nucleus
Basophil 4 point summary?
- Active in allergic reaction
- Release histamine and heparin
- Bi- lobed nucleus
- Very granulated and stains purple
Monocyte 2 point summary?
- Kidney-shaped nucleus
- Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells
3 different types of lymphocytes?
B cells, T cells and NK cells
Phospholipids are described as being …. + the plasmalemma is decribed as having a …. appearance?
Amphipathic + trilaminar
Difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?
Euchromatin is actively undergoing transcription
Glia in the PNS + 2 roles?
Schwann cells + support and produce myelin
Capillaries drain into …. where they start to gain …. ?
Post capillary venules + smooth muscle
RBC life expectancy + how they die?
4 months and removed by spleen
