Immunology Flashcards
3 patrolling immune cells under the skin surface?
Mast cells, tissue macrophages and dendritic cells
Key feature of a pathogen and innate immune cell that allows antigen detection?
PAMPs and PRRs
4 key events after organism has breached the skin?
- PAMP binds mast cell PRR and causes release of histamine
- Histamine causes increased vascular permeability and vasodilation
- PAMP binds macrophage/dendritic PRR which causes release of cytokines which attract other WBCs
- Dendritic cells present to helper T cells which activate B cells (connects innate to adaptive)
What is the main cell of the innate immune response?
Neutrophil
What cells are involved in the clearance of bacteria and fungi?
Macrophage + neutrophil
Macrophage action of killing + what 3 things are secreted after + secretion role?
- Pulls pathogen into lysosome containing ROS which destroys pathogen
- Macrophage releases TNF alpha, IL-1 and IL-8 which promote inflammation and recruit neutrophils
What attracts neutrophils to infection site + maintenance of neutrophil levels?
- Macrophages release TNF alpha + IL-8
- Neutrophils release TNF alpha to attract more neutrophils (positive feedback)
2 extracellular + 2 intracellular neutrophil killing mechanisms?
- NETs trap pathogens until macrophage can phagocytose + degranulation by releasing toxic chemicals
- Phagocytosis + ROS-dependent killing
Examples of ROS and how they are made?
- NAPDH oxidase + oxygen = OO (superoxide)
- OO + NO = peroxynitrite (ONOO)
How many proteins in the complement system?
30
Where are complement proteins made?
In the liver
What initiates the classical complement pathway?
IgG and IgM binding C1
What initiates the alternative complement pathway?
IgA or gram -ve bacteria
Complement cascade summary?
- Runs in order e.g. C1, C2 etc.
- CRP primes bacteria for destruction via complement response
- C3 produces C3a and C3b
- Can also be cleaved by mannose-binding lectin
- C3b degrades unless bound to a cell surface
- Bound C3b cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b
- C5b-C9 = MAC which punctures cells to cause lysis
Role of C3a and C5a?
Cause release of pro-inflammatory mediators
Name 4 opsonins?
CRP, C3b IgM and IgG
Transendothelial migration summary?
- Vasodilation via histamine allows WBCs to move to margins of vessels
- Increased expression of selectins (ICAM and VCAM) via TNF-alpha and IL-1 binds to integrins on WBC
- Interaction is initially weak so rolling occurs but then affinity increases
- WBCs move out of vessel via diapedesis helped by VEGF
- Chemotaxis of WBC to site of injury
What acute cell controls virally infected or cancer cells?
NK cells
How NK cells detect viral/cancer cells + killing action + what is secreted after + 2 effects of secretion?
- Infected cell releases IFN alpha/beta which activates NK cells
- NK cells use perforin to puncture cell
- NK cells produce IFN gamma which increases macrophage ROS production and general expression of MHC II
What controls worm infections?
Mast cells
What 2 ways do mast cells clear parasites?
Degranulation or increasing gene expression for pro-inflammatory mediators
Primary and secondary lymph tissue?
Primary = bone marrow and thymus/ secondary = tonsils and spleen
Site of B cell maturation?
Bone marrow
Site of T cells maturation?
Thymus