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Y3- Transition > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

During inflammation, vessels vasodilate. What mediates this?

A

Histamine and nitric oxide

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2
Q

Binding of …. facilitates white cell rolling on endothelial surface

A

Integrin and selectin

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3
Q

5 characteristic of inflammation?

A 
Heat (calor)
Redness (rubor)
Swelling (tumor)
Pain (dolor)
Loss of function (functiono laesa)
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4
Q

How does swelling occur in inflammation?

A

Leaky vessels lose proteins

Water follows protein out

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5
Q

What are opsonins?

A

Complement/IgG coating bacteria to make them targets for phagocytosis

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6
Q

What is resolution?

A

Complete restoration of the tissue to normal after removal of inflammatory components

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7
Q

What is suppuration?

A

Pus- living, dying and dead cells

May form abscess

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8
Q

What type of tissue is laid down in the healing process?

A

Granulation tissue (collagen and smooth muscle cells)

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9
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Collection of macrophages that ‘walls off’ foreign body (parasites, worms, eggs, syphilis, TB etc.)

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10
Q

What is ‘cheesy necrosis’ associated with?

A

Tuberculous granulomas (caseous necrosis)

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11
Q

Characteristic of chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes + some macrophages

NOTHING TO DO WITH TIME/SEVERITY

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12
Q

Weinberg Hallmarks of cancer?

A 
Increase growth signals
Remove growth suppression
Avoid apoptosis
Achieve immortality
Become invasive
Make  your own blood supply (angiogenesis)
Loss of spell DNA spell checks
Avoid the immune system
others
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13
Q

What is Myc?

A

Nuclear transcription factor that promotes growth – DNA replication

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14
Q

Which is the most commonly mutated kinase in cancer?

A

PI3K

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15
Q

What is ‘grade’ a measure of?

A

How well differentiated a tumour is

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16
Q

Most common tumour supressor gene + most commonly mutated protein in cancer?

A

p53

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17
Q

How does p53 wokr?

A

Cell cycle arrest – senses DNA abnormalties at G1 and pauses cell cycle.
Induces apoptosis

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18
Q

What is frequently upregulated in cancers in order to make their own blood supply?

19
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number in response to stimulus

e.g. bone marrow in pancytopenia, breast in pregnancy, thyroid in response to hormones, prostate

20
Q

What is hypertrophia?

A

Increase in cell size

e.g. cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle in steroids/weight training

21
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Disordered (abnormal) growth- benign, not in response to stimuli

Not cancer until crosses basement membrane

e.g. DCIS, CIS/CIN, adenoma in colon (will become malignant eventually)

22
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Reversible change to one mature to another mature cell type in response to stimulus

e.g. Barrett’s oesophagus, cervical erosion (transition zone), bladder (transitional to squamous)

23
Q

How does endometrial hyperplasia occur?

A

In response to oestrogen

therefore uncommon in post-menopausal women-low oestrogen

24
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New growth

25
Q

Which cell most commonly reacts to foreign bodies?

A

Macrophages

26
Q

What’s another name for macrophages?

A

Histiocytes

27
Q

3 Bs of neoplasms in kids?

A

Bones (osteosarcoma, Ewing’s)
Blood (leukaemias)
Brain (neuroblastoma, medullobastoma)

28
Q

Cancers in older people?

A

Carcinomas (epithelial malignancy)

29
Q

Is pain associated with malignancy?

A

Not often- usually means reactive (inflammatory)

30
Q

What are potential differentials for a craggy mass in the supraclavicular region?

A

Lymphoma
Primary gastric adenocarcinoma
Melanoma on scalp
Squamous carcinoma on neck

31
Q

Where is Vichow’s node?

A

Supraclavicular region

32
Q

Classic presentation of HPV related cancer in young, non-smoker?

A

Lump in the neck

33
Q

Enlarged para-aortic lymph nodes could be … metastases?

A

Testicular

34
Q

Melanoma appearance on histology?

A

Produce melanin (brown pigment)

35
Q

Squamous carcinoma appearance on histology?

A

Lots of red keratin

36
Q

Signet ring cells on histology?

A

Widespread adenocarcinoma of stomach- linitis plastica (very aggressive, hard to excise)

37
Q

Signet ring sign on chest CT?

A

Bronchiectasis

38
Q

Orphan Annie nuclei on histology?

A

Papillary thyroid cancer

39
Q

CMV classic presentation?

A

Proctitis- inflammation of rectum

Chorioretinitis

40
Q

Bacterial vs viral tonsillitis?

A

Centor criteria- differentiating Bacterial from Viral:
History of fever
Tonsillar exudates
Tender anterior cervical adenopathy
Absence of cough (if cough is likely to be viral)

41
Q

Treatment of bacterial tonsillitis?

A

Penicillin V

42
Q

2 types of hepatitis that are faecal oral spread?

A

A + E

fAEcal

43
Q

Hepatitis mneumonic?

A 
A= Acute
B= Badass (blood, sex, tattoo etc.)
C= Chronic, copycat (similar to A)
D= Dependent on B
E= Exotic

Y3- Transition (9 decks)

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