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Y3- Transition > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Broad causes of secondary immune deficiency?

A 
Physiological (extremes of age)
Infection
Treatment interventions
Malignancy
Biochemical and nutritional disorders
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2
Q

Examples of infections causing secondary immune deficiency?

A

HIV

Measles

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3
Q

Examples of treatment interventions causing secondary immune deficiency?

A

Immunosuppressives
Anti-cancer
Corticosteroids

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4
Q

Examples of malignancies causing secondary immune deficiency?

A

Lymphoma, leukaemia, myeloma

Metastatic cancer

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5
Q

Examples of biochemical and nutritional disorders causing secondary immune deficiency?

A

Malnutrition
Renal insufficiency
Diabetes (T1+2)
Mineral deficiencies

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6
Q

Definition of granuloma?

A

An organised collection of activated macrophages and lymphocytes

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7
Q

Why do granulomas form?

A

non-specific inflammatory response triggered by diverse antigens or foreign bodies- stimulus not removes- persistent

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8
Q

Differential of lung granulomas?

A 
Sarcoidosis
TB
Leprosy
Silicosis (other dust diseases)
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Foreign bodies
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9
Q

2 presentations of antibody deficiencies?

A

Recurrent bacterial infection

Antibody mediated autoimmune disease (e.g. ITP, haemolytic anaemia)

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10
Q

Function of natural killer cells?

A

Kill cells that lack MHC (molecules on surface)- no antigen specificity

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11
Q

Primary causes of recurrent infections and low immunoglobulins?

A

CVID- common variable immune deficiency

Specific antibody deficiency (IgA very common!)

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12
Q

Secondary causes of recurrent infections and low immunoglobulins?

A

Protein loss- nephrotic syndrome

Low protein production- CLL, myeloma, NHL

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13
Q

What is complement?

A

Proteins secreted by liver that interact with pathogens to mark them for destruction by phagocytes
(promotes inflammation)

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14
Q

Examples of live attenuated vaccines?

A 
MMR
Chickenpox
Yellow fever
Rotavirus
BCG
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15
Q

Examples of inactivated whole cell vaccines?

A

Polio
Hep A
Rabies
Cholera

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16
Q

Examples of inactivated fractional vaccines?

A 
Hep B
Influenza
HPV
Anthrax
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Haemophilus influenza type B
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17
Q

How do vaccinations produce memory?

A

Generate long-lived memory B cells (last years) and effector T cells/memory T cells

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18
Q

What does immune memory cause during secondary infection?

A

Ability to clear infection during incubation period, before the onset of clinical features, by rapidly producing IgG

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19
Q

Pros of inactivated vaccines?

A

Quick and easy and safe

20
Q

Cons of inactivated vaccines?

A

Not very potent- don’t stimulate good immune response

21
Q

Pros of live attenuated vaccines?

A

Strong, localised response

One dose

22
Q

Cons of live attenuated vaccines?

A

May cause infection

Must be handled carefully

23
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is a hyperacute rejection of transplant and why does it occur?

A

Type II hypersensitivity

Due to preformed antibodies

24
Q

2 types of acute transplant rejection?

A

Acute cellular rejection (type IV hypersensitivity)

Acute vascular rejection (type II hypersensitivity)

25
Q

What does chronic allograft failure lead to?

A

Fibrosis and scarring

26
Q

What are “toll-like receptors” and what do they respond to?

A

Allow innate recognition of invaders, respond to PAMPS (pathogen-associated molecular patterns), then allow cytokine/IF1 release

27
Q

Where are “toll-like receptors” expressed?

A

Phagocytes + dendrites

28
Q

Function of TNF-alpha?

A

Immediate-early “alarm” signal in response to stressors (microbes, stress, chemicals etc.)

29
Q

How do TNF-inhibitors work?

A

By blocking pro-inflammatory cytokines

30
Q

How do biologic drugs work?

A

Artificial antibodies that block the body’s own proteins

passive immunisation

31
Q

Examples of biologics?

A

Adalimumab
Pembrolizumab
Secukinumab

32
Q

How are biologics metabolised?

A

THEY AREN’T
natural proteins so not metabolised by body
Safe in renal/liver disease

33
Q

Do biologics act as immunosuppressants?

34
Q

Autoantibody for coeliac?

A

Tissue transglutaminase IgA antibody

35
Q

Autoantibody for myasthenia gravis?

A

Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody

36
Q

Autoantibody for rheumatoid arthritis?

37
Q

Autoantibodies for SLE?

A

Anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, ANA

38
Q

Autoantibodies for Sjogren’s?

A

Anti-Ro, anti-La

39
Q

Is methotrexate an immunosuppressant?

A

NO (anti-inflammatory)

Safe in cancers/TB

40
Q

When is methotrexate contraindicated?

A

Liver disease

Pregnancy

41
Q

Autoantibody for myositis?

42
Q

Autoantibody for MCTD?

43
Q

Autoantibody for limited systemic sclerosis?

A

Anti-centromere

44
Q

Autoantibody for diffuse systemic sclerosis?

A

Anti-Scl-70

45
Q

Autoantibodies for APS?

A

Anti-cardiolipin and lupus anti-coagulant

46
Q

Autoantibody for small vessel vasculitis?

Y3- Transition (9 decks)

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