Pathology Flashcards
________ is calcium infiltration into normal tissues (ex. Hypervitaminosis D)
Metastatic calcification
________ is calcium infiltration into abnormal/damaged tissue (ex. atherosclerosis or atheroma…damage to tunica intima)
Dystrophic calcification
________ necrosis occurs from TB
Caseous
________ occurs when a membrane is injured which effects ionic transfer. Albuminous.
Cloudy Swelling
________ necrosis is associated with infarction (MI)
Coagulation
Pancreas issues can be associated with ________ degeneration
Enzymatic
A “nutmeg liver” and “Tabby cat heart” both have to do with ________ degeneration
Fatty
________ necrosis can be the result of the brain “melting”, tertiary syphilis, leprosy and can also occur to the skin due to certain infections
Liquefaction
________ degeneration affects the peripheral nerves and the degeneration occurs next to the Node of Ranvier
Wallerian
________ degeneration is most common in skeletal muscle and is where the muscle is replaced by hyaline
Zenker’s (waxy)
Match the following terms with their description
Term——————–Description
Karyolysis————Nuclear condensation
Karyorrhexis——–Nuclear rupture
Pyknosis————–Nuclear swelling
Term——————–Description
Karyolysis————Nuclear rupture
Karyorrhexis——–Nuclear swelling
Pyknosis————–Nuclear condensation
________ is the absence of an organ (usually a paired organ)
Agenesis
________ is where small remnants of an organ is present (but the organ lacks full development)
Aplasia
________ is where the organ forms smaller than normal and is defective
Hypoplasia
________ is a decrease in size (due to disuse). Seen most commonly in muscle
Atrophy
________ in an increase in size (ex. muscle exercise)
Hypertrophy
________ is an increase in number of cells
Hyperplasia
________ is a change from one cell type to another (ex. happens in the lung tissue with smokers)
Metaplasia
________ is a change in size, shape/function of a cell and is the last stage before precancerous stage (but is still reversible)
Dysplasia
________ is the complete disorganization of a cell (cancer)
Anaplasia
Match the following type of collagen to where its found in the body
Collagen——-Location
Type 1———–Disc (Nucleus Pulp.)
Type 2———-Basement Membrane
Type 3———-Bone, Msc, Tendons, Ligs, Ann. Fibrosus
Type 4———-Spleen/Lymph nodes
Collagen-------Location Type 1-----------Bone, Msc, Tendons, Ligs, Ann. Fibrosus Type 2----------Disc (Nucleus Pulp.) Type 3----------Spleen/Lymph nodes Type 4----------Basement Membrane
Type ________ collagen is reticular collagen
3
________ is a pneumoconiosis from sand, rock or glass
Silicosis
________ is a pneumoconiosis that leads to mesothelioma and malignant tumors
Asbestosis
________ is a pneumoconiosis from iron
Siderosis
________ is a pneumoconiosis from cotton dust
Byssinosis
________ is a pneumoconiosis from mining coal
Anthracosis
________ is an endemic fungus on the eastern seaboard (Florida to Nova Scotia)
Blastomycosis
Match the following
Silicosis——————Caplans’ Syndrome
Byssinosis—————Ohio/Mississippi Valley fever
Anthracosis————-Rocky Quarry disease
Hystomycosis———-San Joaquin Valley fever
Coccidiomycosis—–Brown Lung
Silicosis——————Rocky Quarry disease
Byssinosis—————Brown Lung
Anthracosis————-Caplans’ Syndrome
Hystomycosis———-Ohio/Mississippi Valley fever
Coccidiomycosis—–San Joaquin Valley fever
If sputum analysis yields “Curshmann’s Spirals” or “Charcot Leyden Crystals” then you likely have ________
Asthma
________ affects chloride channels and is associated with salty baby syndrome and affects the GI and respiratory mucus linings and exocrine secreations
Cystic Fibrosis
________ is where iron gets into lungs due to bleeding
Hemosiderosis
________ leads to honeycomb lung
Pulmonary fibrosis
________ leads to caseous necrosis in the lungs, ghon complex/lesions, granulomas, epithelioid histiocytes and, if spread to the spine = Pott’s disease (and Gibbus deformity if collapsed vertebra
TB
________ is associated with vasculitis of the lung and kidney
Wegener’s granulomatosis
________ is associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Emphysema
________ is increased nitrogen in the blood and could be due to decreased tubular excretion of nitrogen
Azotemia
________ is most commonly caused by prostate problems or ureter stones
Hydronephrosis
aka Nephrolithiasis
Kidney stone
Most common kidney stone is ________
calcium oxalate
Increased RBCs (and maybe a little protein) in the urine indicates ________
Nephritic Syndrome
Increased proteins in the urine indicates ________
Nephrotic Syndrome
________ is associated with moth-eaten appearance (think soft tissue, not lytic bone tumor)
Polycystic kidney
________ is associated with acute tubular necrosis
Shock
________ is a mixed tumor (malignant nephroblastoma) of the kidney in children
Wilm’s
________ is due to decreased cortisol and is associated with low blood pressure, hyperpigmentation due to increased MSH and fatigue
a. Addison’s
b. Conn’s
c. Cushing’s
d. Goiter
a. Addison’s
________ is due to excess aldosterone and is associated with ypertension and water retention
a. Addison’s
b. Conn’s
c. Cushing’s
d. Goiter
b. Conn’s
________ is due to excess aldosterone and is associated with hyperadrenia, moon face, buffalo hump, purple striae and central obesity
a. Addison’s
b. Conn’s
c. Cushing’s
d. Goiter
c. Cushing’s
________ is due to hyperplasia of thyroid cells due to lack of iodine
a. Addison’s
b. Conn’s
c. Cushing’s
d. Goiter
d. Goiter
________ is due to hyperthyoroidism and causes exophthalmoses, heat intolerance, weight loss, tachycardia and hair loss
a. Graves Disease
b. Hashimoto
c. Myxedema
d. Cushin’s
a. Graves Disease
________ is due to an autoimmune disorder and leads to hypothyroidism
a. Graves Disease
b. Hashimoto
c. Myxedema
d. Cushin’s
b. Hashimoto
________ is associated with hypothyroidism, causes cretinism in a child, cold intolerance, weight gain, bradycardia, loss of lateral 1/3 of eyebrows, and slow mental faculties
a. Graves Disease
b. Hashimoto
c. Myxedema
d. Cushin’s
c. Myxedema
________ cancer is associated with HPV
Cervical
________ can cause testicular cancer
Cryptorchidism
The ovary is the most common site for ________
Endometriosis
________ is a condition where the urethra exits on the dorsal surface of the penis
Epispadia
________ is a condition where the urethra exits on the ventral surface of the penis
Hypospadia
Increased ________ is associated with pregnancy or a hydatidiform mole (non-viable embryo that has implanted)
HCG
________ is a tumor of smooth muscle (ex. uterine fibroids)
Leiomyoma
________ is associated with anovulation,obesity, hirsutism (esp. hair on body and face)
Polycystic ovary disease
________ is associated with mesenchymal/stem cell and is the most common cause of testicular cancer
Seminoma
Hutchinson’s teeth, Rhagades, Saddle nose deformity, Sabre blade tibia and interstitial keratitis are the 5 signs of ________
Congenital Syphilis
________ is the organism associated with acquired syphilis
Treponema pallidum
A hard, singular painless nodule (chancre) on perineum occurs during the ________ stage of acquired syphilis
Primary
A maculopapular rash and condylomata lata (flat arts on the vulva) occurs during the ________ stage of acquired syphilis
Secondary
Tabes dorsalis, aortic aneurysm and gummas inclusion body in CNS occurs during the ________ stage of acquired syphilis
Tertiary
Aka for Argyll Robertson pupil
Prostitute’s pupil
________ pupil is tonic pupil dilation (mydriasis) due to injury to CNIII Edinger Westphal nucleus
Adie’s
________ is tonic pupil constriction due to injury to sympathetic cervical ganglia
Miosis
________ is a soft painful lesion caused by Haemophilus ducreyi [gram (-) coccobacillus]
a. Chancroid
b. Chlamydia
c. Gardnerella vaginalis
d. Gonorrhea
a. Chancroid
________ is artery hardening
Arteriosclerosis
________ is hardening due to fat
Atherosclerosis
Patchy thickening (atheromas) occur at the ________ wall of medium and large arteries, causing them to become thick and lose elasticity
Subintimal
Which of the following are risk factors of arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis?
a. hypertension
b. smoking
c. diabetes mellitis
d. all the above
d. all the above
Ateriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis are the main cause for which 2 diseases
- Ischemic heart disease
2. Cerebrovascular disease
________ arteriosclerosis is associated with calcified tunica media and medium sized arteries (ex. femoral, radial and uterine)
Monckeberg
________ arteriosclerosis is associated with proliferation intima, small vessels and it obliterates artery
Obliterans
________ arteriosclerosis is the arteriosclerosis of extremities
Peripheral
________ can be asymptomatic aneurysms or they can put pressure on the lumbar spine
AAA
________ aneurysms are associated with the Circle of Willis
Berry
A patient waking up with a throbbing headache (typically in the occipital region could have ________
Hypertension
Match the following regarding hypertension
Essential—————Earliest phase
Secondary————-Over 40
Benign——————Papilledema, retinal hemorrhages
Malignant————–Na+ retention and periph. resist.
Essential—————Over 40
Secondary————-Na+ retention and periph. resist.
Benign——————Earliest phase
Malignant————–Papilledema, retinal hemorrhages
Match the following regarding hypertension
Hypertensive disease——Detail
Heart——————————Cotton wool spots
Renal——————————L. vent. hypertrophy
Cerebral————————–Loss of nephrons
Retinal—————————–Thrombosis and strokes
Hypertensive disease——Detail
Heart——————————L. vent. hypertrophy
Renal——————————Loss of nephrons
Cerebral————————–Thrombosis and strokes
Retinal—————————–Cotton wool spots
________ is the congenital failure of closure between pulmonary artery and aorta
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
________ is associated with right ventricular hypertrophy due to lung malfunction
Cor Pulmonale
_______ is the dextrorotation of the aorta, Right ventricular hypertrophy, intraventricular septal defect and pulmonary artery stenosis
Tetralogy of Fallot
________ is usually due to a bacterial infection and affects the mitral and aortic valves
Rheumatic Fever
In Rheumatic Fever, the ________ valve is usually the 1st affected
Mitral
_______ anemia is associated with iron deficiency, females of child-bearing years, or chronic hemorrhage
Microcytic Hypochromic
_______ anemia is associated with deficiency of B9 or B12, a loss of parietal cells, reticulocytosis development
Macrocytic normochromic
________ anemia is associated with B12 absorption deficiency
Pernicious
Triphasic color change
Pallor, cyanosis, rubor
________ is associated with esophageal varices
Portal hypertension
________ are bacteria that cause ulcerations in the stomach
H. Pylori
________ emboli are due to activities like deep sea diving
Air emboli
________ emboli can occur in adults with a fractured femur
Fat emboli
________ is the most common form of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and is associated with coxsackie virus, chronic anemail, alcoholism, sarcoidosis and pregnancy (3rd Trimester)
a. Hypertrophic diastolic disorder
b. Idiaopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
c. Restrictive diastolic disorder
b. Idiaopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
________ is associated with a heavy muscular hyper-contracting heart, is congenital, Friedreich’s Atasxia, glycogen storage disease and infants of diabetic mothers
a. Hypertrophic diastolic disorder
b. Idiaopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
c. Restrictive diastolic disorder
a. Hypertrophic diastolic disorder
________ is where left ventricular filling is impeded and is associated with amyloidosis, radiation-induced fibrosis and is found in children
a. Hypertrophic diastolic disorder
b. Idiaopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
c. Restrictive diastolic disorder
c. Restrictive diastolic disorder
Match the following Asbestosis---------------Tin dust Siderosis-----------------Sugar cane dust Bagassosis--------------Beryllium dust Stannosis----------------Iron dust Berylliosis---------------Asbestos dust
Asbestosis---------------Asbestos dust Siderosis-----------------Iron dust Bagassosis--------------Sugar cane dust Stannosis----------------Tin dust Berylliosis---------------Beryllium dust
The 3 symptoms of Horner’s are ________
- Ptosis
- Mitosis
- Anhydrosis
Whiplash, smoking, asbestos, and a Pancoast tumor can all cause ________
Horner’s
Match the following regarding pneumonia
Lobular pneumonia———-Common in AIDS pts
Friedlander’s——————-Rusty sputum
Pneumocystis carinii——–Red currant jelly sputum
Pneumococcal—————-MC type of bacterial pneum.
Lobular pneumonia———-MC type of bacterial pneum.
Friedlander’s——————-Red currant jelly sputum
Pneumocystis carinii——–Common in AIDS pts
Pneumococcal—————-Rusty sputum
________ is associated with mucosal ulcerations and watery stools, is episodic with bloody diarrhea and fever
a. Crohn’s
b. Hirschprung’s
c. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
d. Ulcerative Colitis
d. Ulcerative Colitis
________ is associated with gas and distention, pencil-thin stools, is episodic with constipation and diarrhea
a. Crohn’s
b. Hirschprung’s
c. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
d. Ulcerative Colitis
c. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
________ is associated with skip lesions, distal ileum and colon and chronic diarrhea, fever and anorexia
a. Crohn’s
b. Hirschprung’s
c. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
d. Ulcerative Colitis
a. Crohn’s
________ is associated with skip congenital absence of Meissner’s and Auerbach’s autonomic plexus and could be fatal if not diagnosed in infancy
a. Crohn’s
b. Hirschprung’s
c. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
d. Ulcerative Colitis
b. Hirschprung’s
Match the following terms with their aka
Term——————————Aka
Crohn’s————————–Congenital megacolon
Hirschprung’s—————–Celiac Sprue
Celiac Disease—————-Regional Enteritis
————————————-Gluten Enteropathy
————————————-Nontropical Sprue
Term——————————Aka
Crohn’s————————–Regional Enteritis
Hirschprung’s—————–Congenital megacolon
Celiac Disease—————-Nontropical Sprue
Celiac Disease—————-Gluten Enteropathy
Celiac Disease—————-Celiac Sprue
________ is hereditary and is associated with chronic intestinal malabsorption causing mucosal damage
Celiac Disease
- –aka Nontropical Sprue
- –aka Gluten Enteropathy
- –aka Celiac Sprue
________ is associated with mucosal abnormalities in small bowel, multiple nutritional deficiencies, and a triad of sore tongue, diarrhea, weight loss
Tropical Sprue
________ is associated with small bowel infection, lymph obstruction, anemia, weight loss, skin pigmentation, diarrhea, joint symptoms, severe malabsorption, abdominal pain, cough, pleuritic pain and affects men aged 30-60
Whipple’s Disease
_________ is an aggressive peptic ulcer/tumor that can perforate through the lining
Zollinger-Ellison
________ is found in the ascending colon and produces polyps
Gardener’s Syndrome
Match the following
Chronic Bronchitis—————Bronchiolitis
Small Airway Disease———-Dead Lung
Emphysema———————–Blue Bloater
Bronchiectasis——————–Pink Puffer
Chronic Bronchitis—————Blue Bloater
Small Airway Disease———-Bronchiolitis
Emphysema———————–Pink Puffer
Bronchiectasis——————–Dead Lung
Match the following
Glomerulonephritis—————Proeinuria
Pyelonephritis———————-RBCs in blood
Nephrotic Syndrome————WBC casts in blood
Glomerulonephritis—————RBCs in blood
Pyelonephritis———————-WBC casts in blood
Nephrotic Syndrome————Proeinuria
________ is the most common association with Urethritis
E. coli
________ is inflammation of the bladder
_____Cystitis
________ is associated with an infection of the GI/GU region in females
PID
________ occurs on the lateral lobe of the prostate and is associated with frequency of urination issues and painful dysuria
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
________ is an inflammation to the prostate gland, often due to gram (-) bacterial infection
Prostatitis
________ is associated with the posterior lobe of the prostate and can lead to blastic metastasis to the pelvis and lumbar spine
Prostate Cancer
________ is associated with an abnormal protrusion of tissue
Inguinal Hernia
________ is associated with inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce
a. Balanitis
b. Epididymitis
c. Orchitis
d. Phimosis
a. Balanitis
________ is associated with inflammation of the testicles
a. Balanitis
b. Epididymitis
c. Orchitis
d. Phimosis
c. Orchitis
________ is associated with inflammation of the epididymis
a. Balanitis
b. Epididymitis
c. Orchitis
d. Phimosis
b. Epididymitis
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is associated with constriction of the foreskin, to the point that it cannot be retracted epididymis a. Balanitis b. Epididymitis c. Orchitis d. Phimosis
d. Phimosis
________ is associated with generalized swelling in the scrotum
a. Hematocele
b. Hydrocele
c. Spermatocele
d. Varicocele
b. Hydrocele
________ is associated with blood in the testes
a. Hematocele
b. Hydrocele
c. Spermatocele
d. Varicocele
a. Hematocele
________ is associated with varicose veins and a “bag of worms” appearance
a. Hematocele
b. Hydrocele
c. Spermatocele
d. Varicocele
d. Varicocele
________ is associated with localized swelling
a. Hematocele
b. Hydrocele
c. Spermatocele
d. Varicocele
c. Spermatocele
________ is associated with painful, persistent, abnormal erection
a. Cryptorchidism
b. Epispadia
c. Hypospadia
d. Priapism
d. Priapism
________ is associated with undescended testicles and increased association with cancer
a. Cryptorchidism
b. Epispadia
c. Hypospadia
d. Priapism
a. Cryptorchidism
________ is associated with urethral defect on the ventral surface of the penis
a. Cryptorchidism
b. Epispadia
c. Hypospadia
d. Priapism
c. Hypospadia
________ is associated with urethral defect on the dorsal surface of the penis
a. Cryptorchidism
b. Epispadia
c. Hypospadia
d. Priapism
b. Epispadia
________ is associated with dysplasia of cavernous sheaths with fibrosis and results in a crooked penis
a. Cryptorchidism
b. Peyronie’s Disease
c. Paraphimosis
d. Priapism
b. Peyronie’s Disease
________ is associated with “turtle neck”
a. Cryptorchidism
b. Peyronie’s Disease
c. Paraphimosis
d. Priapism
c. Paraphimosis
________ is secreted during the first half of the cycle to stimulate egg development
a. Estrogen
b. FSH
c. LH
d. Progesterone
b. FSH
________ is secreted from the pituitary mid-cycle to cause ovulation
a. Estrogen
b. FSH
c. LH
d. Progesterone
c. LH
________ is associated with proliferation during the first half of the cycle
a. Estrogen
b. FSH
c. LH
d. Progesterone
a. Estrogen
________ is associated with secretion during the second half of the cycle
a. Estrogen
b. FSH
c. LH
d. Progesterone
d. Progesterone
________ is associated with ectopic endometrium and painful menstruation
a. Ectopic Pregnancy
b. Endometriosis
c. Pregnancy
d. Salpingitis
b. Endometriosis
________ is associated with infection of fallopian tubes, under 35 years old, IUD presents increased risk, and ectopic pregnancy
a. Ectopic Pregnancy
b. Endometriosis
c. Pregnancy
d. Salpingitis
d. Salpingitis
________ is associated with HCG released, chorion and trophoblast
a. Ectopic Pregnancy
b. Endometriosis
c. Pregnancy
d. Salpingitis
c. Pregnancy
________ is associated with improper implantation, and rupture that could cause sterilization and/or death
a. Ectopic Pregnancy
b. Endometriosis
c. Pregnancy
d. Salpingitis
a. Ectopic Pregnancy
________ is associated with disorganized, benign mass development instead of a fetus
a. Breast Cancer
b. Hydatidiform Mole
c. Choriocarcinoma
d. Ovarian Tumor
b. Hydatidiform Mole
________ is associated with disorganized, cancerous mass development instead of a fetus
a. Breast Cancer
b. Hydatidiform Mole
c. Choriocarcinoma
d. Ovarian Tumor
c. Choriocarcinoma
________ is associated with increase in hormone secrtions, tumor of the ovaries and can occur in women over 50 years old
a. Breast Cancer
b. Hydatidiform Mole
c. Choriocarcinoma
d. Ovarian Tumor
d. Ovarian Tumor
________ is associated with an increase in obesisty, nulliparous, early menarche, and late menopause
a. Breast Cancer
b. Hydatidiform Mole
c. Choriocarcinoma
d. Ovarian Tumor
a. Breast Cancer
Match the following
Alveoli—————Microglial cells
Brain—————–Alveolar macrophage
Liver——————Dust cells
Lungs—————-Histocytes or fixed macrophages
Tissue—————Kupffer cells
Alveoli—————Alveolar macrophage
Brain—————–Microglial cells
Liver——————Kupffer cells
Lungs—————-Dust cells
Tissue—————Histocytes or fixed macrophages
Match the following
IgA—————–Smallest, most numerous
IgG—————–Allergies and parasites
IgE—————–First response, largest
IgM—————-Milk, membranes
IgA—————–Milk, membranes
IgG—————–Smallest, most numerous
IgE—————–Allergies and parasites
IgM—————-First response, largest
Match the following Type I-----------------Immune Type I-----------------T-cell-mediated Type III-----------------Antibody mediated Type IV----------------Immediate
Type I—————–Immediate
Type I—————–Antibody mediated
Type III—————–Immune
Type IV—————-T-cell-mediated
Match the following Type I-----------------Dermatitis Type I-----------------SLE, RA Type III----------------Myasthenia Gravis Type IV---------------Anaphylaxis
Type I—————–Anaphylaxis
Type I—————–Myasthenia Gravis
Type III—————-SLE, RA
Type IV—————Dermatitis
Match the following Neutrophils-------------30% Lymphocytes-----------2% Monocytes--------------60% Eosinophil---------------0% Basophil------------------8%
Neutrophils-------------60% Lymphocytes-----------30% Monocytes--------------8% Eosinophil---------------2% Basophil------------------0%