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BOARDS > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin B1

A

thiamine

active- thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

Decarboxylation reactions

Beri beri, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

water soluble

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2
Q

Vitamin B2

A

riboflavin

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

oxidation reduction reactions

cheilosis

water soluble

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3
Q

Vitamin B3

A

niacin

active- nicatinaminde (NAD+) and adenine dinucleotide (NADP+)

oxidation reduction reactions

pellagra (4 D’s- dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death)

water soluble

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4
Q

Vitamin B5

A

active- pantothenate

Structural component of CoA

water soluble

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5
Q

Vitamin B6

A

pyridoxine

active- pyridoxal-5-phosphate

transanimation reactions- trans am has a B6 engine

water soluble

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6
Q

Vitamin B7

A

biotin

active- biocytin

carboxylation reactions

water soluble

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7
Q

Vitamin B9

A

`folic acid/folate

active- tetrahydrofolate

megaloblastic anemia

water soluble

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8
Q

Vitamin B12

A

cobalamin

active- methylcobalamin

homocysteine remethylation reactions

pernicioius anemia

buildup of homocysteine, deficiency of methionine

water soluble

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9
Q

Vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid

collagen

scurvy

water soluble

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10
Q

Vitamin A

A

Active: retinal, retinoic acid* (most active)

vision and growth

Nightblindness = "nyctolopia"
**Keratomalacia = cornea degeneration**
Xeropthalmia = dry eyes

fat soluble, stored in liver

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11
Q

Vitamin D

A

Active: 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Rickets in kids
Osteomalacia in adults

fat soluble, stored in liver

Vitamin D Synthesis:

  1. ) 7-DHcholesterol <strong>→ (UV LIGHT) →</strong> D3 (Cholecalciferol)
  2. ) D3 → <strong>(LIVER )</strong>→ 25OHD3
  3. ) 25OHD3 → <strong>(KIDNEY )</strong>→ <strong>1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol </strong>(active form)
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12
Q

Vitamin E

A

Alpha-tocopherol

lipid antioxidant, membrane

XS = diarrhea

best srouce = wheat germ oil

fat soluble, stored in liver

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13
Q

Vitamin K

A

Hydroquinone
Menadione

green leafy vegetables

blood clotting

infants always “deficient”

made by flora

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14
Q

Chromium

(Cr)

A

mineral

deficiency: impaired glucose tolerance

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15
Q

Cobalt

(Co)

A

Constituent of Vit B12

deficiency: pernicious anemia

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16
Q

Magnesium

(Mg)

A

Mg : Ca ratio = 1 : 2

muscle weakness
sleepiness

<em>mineral deficiency of Ca or Mg = <strong>tetany</strong> </em>
(Ca and Mg track together)

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17
Q

Iodine

(I)

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

Deficiencies:
adults → goiter, myxedema
children → cretinism

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18
Q

Iron

(Fe)

A

heme enzymes

transported as transferrin
stored as ferritin

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19
Q

Selenium (Se)

A

antioxidant

(<strong>Antioxidants: “ACE’S” = </strong>Vit’s A, C, E + Selenium)

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20
Q

Zinc

(Zn)

A

Vitamin A
(Zing is a VitA constituent? or aids in VitA metabolism? Why is Vit A in my notes?)

immune system

taste

wound healing

prostate

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21
Q

Fluoride

(F)

A

teeth hardness

deficiency = cavities/ "dental caries"
excess = hyperfluorosis
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22
Q

Methylation Cycle

A

Methionine Synthase = enzyme activated by B12

  • *Demethylization =** Methionine → Homocysteine (Hcy)
  • *Remethylization =** Homocysteine → Methionine

<strong>Notes:</strong><br></br>B9 gives methyl group to B12<br></br>B9 deficiency affects B12, visa versa<br></br>B12 deficiency = <strong>pernicious </strong>anemia (if intrinsic fx low) or <strong>megaloblastic </strong>anemia<br></br>VitB deficiency during <strong>remethylization</strong> = Methionine deficiency

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23
Q

Iron Absorption

A

Fe3+ = Ferric
(in food)
↓ Vit C ↓

Fe2+ = Ferrous (most absorbable)
(absorbed in intestines)
↓ Cu<strong>2+</strong> ↓

Fe3+ = Ferric (most active)
used in body

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24
Q

Calcium

A
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25
Q

Antioxidants

A

Vit A
Vit C
Vit E

Selenium

Glutathione

Lipoic Acid

CoQ10

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26
Q

Calcium levels

A

increased by PTH

decreased by Calcitonin
Calcitonin “tones down” calcium in blood

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27
Q

Monosaccharides

Aldehydes vs Ketones

A
  • *Aldehydes:** C = O on carbon #1
  • *Ketones:** C = O on carbon #2
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28
Q

Relevant Monosaccharides

A 
Glucose = *aldohexose*
Galactose = *aldohexose*
Mannose = *aldohexose*
Ribose = *aldo**pentose***
Fructose = ***keto**hexose

aldehyde*
= carbonyl group on 1st carbon
ketone = carbonyl group on 2nd carbon

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29
Q

Monosaccharide Properties

A

Isomers = different compounds, same chemical formula

Epimers = monosac. differing in configuration around one specific carbon

Enantiomers = mirror images of same compound

Anomers = anomeric Cs formed when sugars cyclize. designated as either α or β

30
Q

Disaccharides

A

glucose + fructose = sucrose ( α1, β2 )

glucose + galactose = lactose ( β1,4 )

glucose + glucose = maltose ( α1,4 )

  • glucose + glucose = isomaltose ( α1,6 )
  • glucose + glucose = cellobiose ( β1,4 )

update this card w. bonds***

31
Q

Polysaccharides*

human vs plant

A

Humans

  • glycogen: contains α1,4 (primary) and α1,6 (branches) linkages

Plants

  • amylose: contains α1,4 linkages
    starch 10-20%
  • amylopectin: both α1,4 and α1,6 linkages
    starch 80-90%
  • cellulose: contains β1,4 linkages (fiber, can’t b/d)
32
Q

Polysaccharides*

notes, con’t…

A

Glycogen

  • α1,6 linkage = branch point
  • “most highly branched”

Amylose = α-amylase b/d amylose → maltose

Amylopectin = homolog of glycogen

Cellulose = humans can’t break β1,4 linkages, don’t have cellulose

Humans

glycogen: contains α1,4 (primary) and α1,6 (branches) linkages

Plants

amylose: contains α1,4 linkages
starch 10-20%

amylopectin: both α1,4 and α1,6 linkages
starch 80-90%

cellulose: contains β1,4 linkages (fiber, can’t b/d)

33
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

(GAGs)

“mucopolysaccharides”

A

bind large amounts of water

structure: repeating disaccharide unit
(protein-sugar molecule - glucosamine)

Most common

  • *Hyaluronic acid** (in synovial fluid)
  • *Chondroitin sulfate** (in cartilage, tendons, ligaments)
34
Q

Lipids

A

ester bonds
(acid + alcohol)

triacylglycerols (TAGs)
= 3 FA esterified into glycerol backbone (acid + alcohol)

TAGs = most predominant form of fats/lipids in body and diet

(glycerol comes from glucose)

35
Q

Fatty Acids

A

nonpolar hydrocarbon tails ( - CH2 - ) attached
to a polar carboxylic acid ( COOH ) head

  • *unsasturated = double bonds**
  • *decreases melting temperature*

naturally occurring double bonds exist in cis-configuration

Hydrogenation makes trans-fats
(raise melting point, increase shelf life)

36
Q

Oxidation/Reduction Reactions

A

OIL RIG

Oxidation = loss of e- or hydrogen
(gain oxygen, make NADH)

Reduction = loss of e- or hydrogen
(lose oxygen, use NADH)

to generate an unsaturated fat from a saturated fat
= oxidation (fewer H / “OIL”)

37
Q

Peroxidation

A
  • more unsaturated an oil is, greater chance to go rancid
  • more C = C
  • olive oil lasts 6 months
  • most rancid = PUFAs, then MUFAs
  • coconut oil is most saturated
    • ​no cholesterol, medium chain, body burns fat
  • oleic acid (omega-9) makes up 55-80% of olive oil
  • canola oil = manmade

18:1 ratio for something(?) ask bethanie

38
Q

Saturated Fats

A

Lauric Acid = 12C

Myristic Acid = 14C

Palmitic Acid = 16C

Stearic Acid = 18

39
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

Oleic Acid = 18C (1 C=C)

Linoleic Acid = 18C (2 C=C)

Linolenic Acid = 18C (3 C=C)

Arachidonic Acid = 20C (4 C=C)

40
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A

Linoleic

Linolenic

Arachidonic

41
Q

Linoleic Acid

A

essential fatty acid

omega-6

sunflower, safflower, corn oil

18C

2 C=C in cis-form

42
Q

Linolenic Acid

A

essential fatty acid

omega-3

flax oil

18C

3 C=C in cis-form

43
Q

Arachidonic Acid

A

essential fatty acid

omega-6

animal products (dairy, red meats)

*precursor to prostaglandins

20C

4 C=C in cis-form

44
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • *2 FA** (nonpolar, hydrophobic tails)
  • *+** polar, hydrophilic head groups

major components of membrane lipids

45
Q

Sphingolipids

A

non-glycerol lipids

sphingosine backbone

sphingomyelin = major lipid component of myelin sheath

deficiency of sphingomyelinase = Neimann-Pick Disease
can’t breakdown sphingomyelin

46
Q

Cholesterol Synthesis

A

sterol
most abundant sterol in humans
derived from AcCoA

AcCoA → <strong>HMG-CoA SYNTHASE </strong>→ HMGCoA
HMGCoA → <strong>HMG-CoA REDUCTASE </strong>→ Mevalonate
Mevalonate → Squalene → Cholesterol → (steroid hormones)

<strong>- - - HMG-CoA Reductase</strong> = <strong>RLE</strong> of cholesterol synthesis - - -

(<strong>HMG-CoA Synthase</strong> = <strong>RLE</strong> of ketone body synthesis)

47
Q

Cholesterol Elimination

A

Cholesterol → bile salts → reabsorbed

Cholesterol → bile salts → GI system → feces

fiber binds bile salts to increase elimination of cholesterol

48
Q

Ketone Bodies

A

Acetone

  • *Acetoacetate**
  • “acetoacidic acid”*
  • *betahydroxybuterate**
  • “betahydroxybutyric acid”*

(breathe)

49
Q

Chylomicrons

A

lipoproteins

  • produced* and secreted from
  • *intestinal mucosal cells**

dietary fats are absorbed and repackaged as chylomicrons
“produced in response to dietary fat intake”

carry TAGs to peripheral tissues
<strong>TAGs = dietary fats and cholesterol</strong>

50
Q

VLDL

A

synthesized and secreted from liver

transport endogenous triacylgrlycerides to peripheral tissues

51
Q

LDLs

A

derived from VLDL

transport cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissues

LDL: Leaves Da Liver

contain greatest amount of cholesterol

↑ plasma levels of LDL
= increased risk of heart disease

52
Q

HDLs

A

synthesized and secreted from liver

transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to liver

↑ plasma levels of HDL
= decreased risk of heart disease

53
Q

Lipoprotein Lipase

A

uptake of triglycerides/FAs that are carried by VLDL and chylomicrons

54
Q

Density of Lipoprotein Molecules

( = Protein/TAG ratio)

A
  1. HDL greatest
  2. LDL
  3. IDL
  4. VLDL
  5. Chylomicronsleast
55
Q

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

A

phosphate
+
pentose sugar
RNA = ribose, DNA = deoxyribose<br></br>+
nitrogenous base

<em>formation of deoxyribose from ribose is what type of reaction</em>
<strong><em> = reduction</em></strong>

56
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

Purines (AG) = Adenine and Guanine
<em>“pure as gold” </em>

Pyrimidines (TUC) = Thymine, Uracil, Cytosine
“King Tuc” DNA Only RNA Only

  • *nucleoside** = pentose sugar + nitrogenous base
  • *nucleotide** = pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate
57
Q

DNA

A 
purines = **AG**
pyrimidines = **CT**

Base Pairing: (A-T) (G-C)
<strong>A</strong>t <strong>T</strong>he <strong>G</strong>olf <strong>C</strong>ourse

phosphodiester bonds = covalent
between 3’ of one sugar and 5’ of another

hydrogen bonds only in DNA, not RNA

Q: What is DNA associated with?
A: <strong>Histones</strong> <strong>(act as spools which DNA winds)</strong>

58
Q

RNA

A 
purines = **AG**
pyrimidines = **CU**

(A-U) (G-C)

phosphodiester bonds = covalent
between 3’ of one sugar and 5’ of another

no hydrogen bonds

59
Q

Replication

A

DNA → DNA

Nucleus

S phase of cell cycle

5’→3’ direction

anti-parallel and
non-comparable

Enzyme: DNA Polymerase

60
Q

Transcription

A

DNA → mRNA

Nucleus

proceeds in 5’→3’ direction

every 3 bases = codon
encodes for a single amino acid<br></br>First AA alwasys coded for = <em>methionine</em>

Enzyme = RNA Polymerase

Start Codons: AUG, GUG
Stop Codons: UAA, UGA, UAG

61
Q

Translation

A

mRNA → protein

Cytoplasm

mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes

2 codons exposed at a time
codon of mRNA is recognized by anticodon on tRNA

tRNA bound to specific AA

Enzyme: peptidyl transferase
links 2 AAs, begins protein synthesis

62
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Ribosomes read mRNA
5’ → 3’

synthesis proceeds
from N-terminus to C-terminus

Always add AA @ C-terminus during translation

63
Q

Reverse Transcription

A

RNA back to DNA

64
Q

Phosphatase

A

removes phosphate

65
Q

Phosphorylase

A

adds phosphate

66
Q

Kinase

A

moves phosphase around

67
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

oxidation/reduction reactions

68
Q

Carboxylase

A

adds a carbon

69
Q

Decarboxylase

A

removes a carbon

70
Q

Eicosanoid Families

A

prostaglandins

prostacyclins

thromboxanes

leukotrienes

71
Q

Glycolysis occurs in

A

cytosol

72
Q
A

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