Chemistry - NBS Flashcards
Carbs have _____ kcal/g of potential energy
4 kcal/g
The following configuration of asymmetric carbons with OH on the left is ________?
a. Levorotatory
b. Dextrotatory
a. Levorotatory
The following configuration of asymmetric carbons with OH on the right is ________?
a. Levorotatory
b. Dextrotatory
b. Dextrotatory
Which of the following raises blood glucose levels?
a. Glucagon
b. Epinephrine
c. Glucocorticoids
d. Thyroxine
e. Growth Hormone
f. All the above
f. All the above
Which of the following lowers blood glucose levels?
a. Glucagon
b. Norepinephrine
c. Insulin
d. Growth Hormone
e. Insulin + Growth Hormone
c. Insulin
________ increases positive charges or loss of negative charges
a. Oxidation
b. Reduction
a. Oxidation
________ is the addition of hydrogen or the gain of electrons
a. Oxidation
b. Reduction
b. Reduction
Which of the following is a hexose?
a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Ribose
d. a + b
e. a + c
d. a + b
Which of the following is a pentose?
a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Ribose
d. a + b
e. a + c
c. Ribose
Excess CHO is converted to
a. Glycogen
b. Fatty acids stored as triglycerides
c. a + b
d. None of the above
c. a + b
Which of the following belong to the Aldose family?
a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Ribose
d. a + b
e. a + c
e. a + c
________ is formed from 2 glucose molecules and is found in starch breakdown
Maltose
________ is formed from glucose + fructose and is found in white sugar
Sucrose
________ is formed from glucose + galactose and is found in milk
Lactose
________ is found in mushrooms and yeast
Trehalose
All the following is bonded with an alpha-1 –> 4 bond except:
a. Cellulose
b. Amylose
c. Amylopectin
d. Glycogen
a. Cellulose
________ is not a digestible polysaccharide
a. Cellulose
b. Amylose
c. Amylopectin
d. Glycogen
a. Cellulose
Only non-carbohydrate type of dietary fiber (from woody part of plant) is ________
Lignin
lipids have _____ kcal/g
9 kcal/g
CHO are joined through a/an ________ bond?
Glycosidic
________ glycosidic bonds are digestible
Alpha
________ glycosidic bonds are indigestible
Beta
________ bonds are straight chain
1–>4
________ bonds are branched
1–>6
The bonding between glycerol & fatty acids is a/an ________ bond
Ester
Which of the following are essential fatty acids?
a. Linoleic
b. Linolenic
c. Both a + b
d. None of the above
c. Both a + b
3 Fatty acids + 1 Glycerol = ________
Triacylglycerol
2 Fatty acids + 1 Glycerol + a phosphate derivative = ________
Phospholipid
________ is a fatty acid derivative that belongs to the sterols group and requires ATP, Mg & NADPH
Cholesterol
How many C=C double bonds are found in saturated fatty acids?
a. 0
b. 1
c. >1
a. 0
How many C=C double bonds are found in monounsaturated fatty acids?
a. 0
b. 1
c. >1
b. 1
How many C=C double bonds are found in polyunsaturated fatty acids?
a. 0
b. 1
c. >1
c. >1
________ is Omega-3 fatty acids?
a. Linoleic
b. Linolenic
c. Arachadonic
b. Linolenic
Match the following items to their number of carbons:double bonds
Item———————————–# of carbons:double bonds
Arachidonic—————————————20:5
Linolenic——————————————–18:2
Linoleic———————————————-18:3
EPA—————————————————20:4
Item———————————–# of carbons:double bonds
Arachidonic————————————–20:4
Linolenic——————————————-18:3
Linoleic———————————————18:2
EPA————————————————-20:5
If you have a 20 carbon chain lipid, how many acetyl CoA molecules can you make?
a. 1
b. 5
c. 10
d. 20
c. 10
________ transports fatty acid chains into the mitochondria
Carnitine shuttle
If an odd numbered carbon fatty acid is cut up, the final piece will be a 3 carbon molecule called ________
a. Propionyl CoA
b. Acetyl Coa
c. Polyproionyl CoA
d. Triacetyl CoA
a. Propionyl CoA
________ are a by-product of Beta oxidation
Ketone bodies
________ is the primary substrate for lipogenesis?
Acetyl CoA
Lipogenesis occurs in the ________
a. Cytoplasm
b. Mitochondria
c. Mitochondria inner membrane
d. Interstitial fluid
a. Cytoplasm
The most important intermediate in lipogenesis is ________
a. Acetyl CoA
b. Arachidonic Acid
c. Malonyl CoA
d. Prostaglandins
c. Malonyl CoA
Lipogenesis requires all the following except:
a. Acetyl CoA,
b. CO2
c. NADPH
d. Low levels of ATP
d. Low levels of ATP
Lipogenesis is stimulated by:
a. High levels of ATP
b. Insulin
c. Epinephrine
d. a + b only
e. All the above
d. a + b only
Lipids are digested in the:
a. Mouth
b. Stomach
c. Small Intestine
d. a + b
e. a + c
f. b + c
e. a + c
PVT. TIM HALL stands for what regarding amino acids?
P = Phenylalanine V = Valine T = Tryptophan T = Threonine I = Isoleucine M = Methionine H = Histidine A = Arginine L = Leucine L = Lysine
These amino acids have an aromatic ring structure
a. Phenylalanine
b. Tryptophan
c. Tyrosine
d. All the above
d. All the above
________ are basic amino acids
a. Histidine
b. Arganine
c. Lysine
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
d. All of the above
________ are neutral amino acids
a. Serine, Threonine, Asperagine, Glutamine
b. Methionine, Cysteine
c. Leucine, Lysine
d. Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
a. Serine, Threonine, Asperagine, Glutamine
________ are sulfur-containing amino acids
a. Serine, Threonine, Asperagine, Glutamine
b. Methionine, Cysteine
c. Leucine, Lysine
d. Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
b. Methionine, Cysteine
________ are branch-chain amino acids
a. Serine, Threonine, Asperagine, Glutamine
b. Methionine, Cysteine
c. Leucine, Lysine
d. Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
d. Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
________ are NOT glucogenic amino acids
a. Glutamate, Aspartate
b. Methionine, Cysteine
c. Leucine, Lysine
d. Alanine, Valine
c. Leucine, Lysine
________ are acidic amino acids
a. Glutamate, Aspartate
b. Methionine, Cysteine
c. Leucine, Lysine
d. Alanine, Valine
a. Glutamate, Aspartate
List the following from least hydrophilic to most hydrophilic Alanine Leucine Glycine Isoleucine Valine
Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine
Proteins are digested in the ________
a. Mouth
b. Stomach
c. Small Intestine
d. a + b
e. b + c
e. b + c
Match the following substance with their amino acid precursor
Substance——————————Amino Acid Prec.
Serotonin——————————Glycine/Arginine
GABA—————————————-Histidine
Histamine——————————–Tryptophan
Creatine———————————–Glutamate
Substance——————————Amino Acid Prec.
Serotonin———————————-Tryptophan
GABA—————————————-Glutamate
Histamine————————————Histidine
Creatine———————————-Glycine/Arginine
During amino acid metabolism, ________ carbon skeletons form Pyruvate or Oxaloacetate
a. Glucogenic
b. Ketogenic
c. Protogenic
a. Glucogenic
During amino acid metabolism, ________ carbon skeletons form Acetyl CoA or Acetoacety CoA
a. Glucogenic
b. Ketogenic
c. Protogenic
b. Ketogenic
During amino acid metabolism, removed ________ is carried to the ________ cycle by a ________ molecule
a. Acetyl CoA, Cori Cycle, Glutamate
b. NADPH, Urea Cycle, Glycine
c. Ammonia, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Carnitine Shuttle
d. Acetate, Cori Cycle, Malate
e. Ammonia, Urea Cycle, Glutamate
e. Ammonia, Urea Cycle, Glutamate
Ammonia + Lactate –> ________
Alanine
Purines + Pyrimidines can receive Nitrogen donated from ________, ________, and ________
a. Glutamine, Leucine, Aspartate
b. Glutamine, Aspartate, Asparagine
c. Valine, Asparagine, Isoleucine
d. Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
b. Glutamine, Aspartate, Asparagine
Muscle is able to oxidize which (6) amino acids
a. Glutamate, Methionine, Leucine, Valine, Isoleucine and Cysteine
b. Methionine, Leucine, Valine, Histidine, Aspartate & Tyrosine
c. Tyrosine, Asparagine, Isoleucine, Histidine, Threonine & Arginine
d. Leucine, Aspartate, Asparagine, Glutamate, Valine & Isoleucine
d. Leucine, Aspartate, Asparagine, Glutamate, Valine and Isoleucine
This enzyme requires ATP and Mg in the Urea Cycle
a. Alpha-Keto-Glutimate Dehydrogenase
b. Hexokinase
c. HMG-CoA Reductase
d. Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase
d. Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase
The energy in proteins and peptides is ________ kcal/g
4 kcal/g
The energy in alcohol is ________ kcal/g
7 kcal/g
The bond between amino acids is a/an ________ bond
Peptide
The number and sequence of amino acids; determines protein structure is the definition for which protein structure?
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
a. Primary
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet (aka beta bend) is the definition for which protein structure?
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
b. Secondary
Maximally folded for function is the definition for which protein structure?
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
c. Tertiary
More than one chain (example: hemoglobin) is the definition for which protein structure?
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
d. Quaternary
Vitamin associated with Beri Beri, weakness, edema, tachycardia, Wernicke’s is ________
a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
a. B1 (Thiamine)
Vitamin associated with magenta tongue, pallor, cheilosis, angular stomatitis, blurred vision is ________
a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin associated with FAD, FADH2, FMN and FMNH2 is ________
a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B2
Vitamin associated with NAD+, NADH, NADP, NADPH is ________
a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
c. B3
Vitamin associated with Pellagra is ________
a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
c. B3 (Niacin)
Vitamin associated with burning feet, malaise, abdominal pain, and is found in beef and chicken liver & sunflower seeds is ________
a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
Vitamin associated with Coenzyme A is ________
a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
Vitamin associated with convulsions in infants, dermatitis, loss of myelin and can be toxic is ________
a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B6 (Pyridoxine)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
Vitamin associated with prevention of neural tube defects, is taken during pregnancy, and is found in chicken liver, spinach and lentils is ________
a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B6 (Pyridoxine)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
Vitamin whose active form is Tetra-hydro folate (H4F) is ________
a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B6 (Pyridoxine)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
Vitamin associated with macrocytic anemia (pernicious megaloblastic) and Combined Systems Disease is ________
a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B6 (Pyridoxine)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin that needs intrinsic factor to be absorbed and is not found in plants is ________
a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B6 (Pyridoxine)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin that is known as extrinsic factor is ________
a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B6 (Pyridoxine)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin associated with carboxylation, glossitis/dermatitis, is neede to make fats and carbs, and is found in cauliflower, peanuts and cheese is ________
a. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
b. Biotin
c. C (Ascorbic Acid)
d. Bioflavonoids
b. Biotin
Vitamin deficient in vegans without supplementation is ________
a. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
b. Biotin
c. C (Ascorbic Acid)
d. Bioflavonoids
a. B12
Vitamin associated with collagen, scurvy and bleeding gums, is found in citrus fruit is ________
a. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
b. Biotin
c. C (Ascorbic Acid)
d. Bioflavonoids
c. C
Vitamin associated with reduced vitamin C and the white part of fruit is ________
a. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
b. Biotin
c. C (Ascorbic Acid)
d. Bioflavonoids
d. Bioflavonoids
Vitamin associated with night blindness, dry cornea and ulcerations, and skin sores, and is found in Bee and chicken liver, carrots, sweet potato, and cantaloupe is ________
a. A (Retinol)
b. D (Cholecalciferol)
c. E (Tocopherol)
d. K (Quinone)
a. A (Retinol)
Vitamin associated with the sun, calcium absorption Rickets in kids, Osteomalacia in adults is ________
a. A (Retinol)
b. D (Cholecalciferol)
c. E (Tocopherol)
d. K (Quinone)
b. D (Cholecalciferol)
Vitamin associated with hemolytic anemia (possibly), muscular dystrophy, sterility, cardiovascular problems and is antioxidant when combined with selenium is ________
a. A (Retinol)
b. D (Cholecalciferol)
c. E (Tocopherol)
d. K (Quinone)
c. E (Tocopherol)
Vitamin associated with clotting disorders (makes prothrombin in liver) and is found in turnips, spinach, cauliflower and cabbage is ________
a. A (Retinol)
b. D (Cholecalciferol)
c. E (Tocopherol)
d. K (Quinone)
d. K (Quinone)
Match the following water-soluble vitamins with their name
Vitamin————————-Name
B1———————————Riboflavin
B2——————————–Pyridoxine
B3——————————–Pantothenic Acid
B5——————————–Niacin
B6——————————–Ascorbic Acid
B9——————————–Cyanocobalamine
B12——————————-Thiamine
C———————————-Folic Acid
Vitamin————————-Name
B1———————————Thiamine
B2——————————–Riboflavin
B3——————————–Niacin
B5——————————–Pantothenic Acid
B6——————————–Pyridoxine
B9——————————–Folic Acid
B12——————————-Cyanocobalamine
C———————————-Ascorbic Acid
Match the following fat-soluble vitamins with their name
Vitamin——————————–Name
A—————————————–Ergocalciferol
D—————————————–Tocopherol
E—————————————–Retinol
K—————————————–Cholecalciferol
——————————————-Menadione
——————————————-Quinone
Vitamin——————————–Name
A—————————————–Retinol
D—————————————–Cholecalciferol, Ergocalciferol
E—————————————–Tocopherol
K—————————————–Quinone, Menadione
Mineral associated with muscle contraction, nerve regulation, renal failure, and is found in milk, green leafy veges, and canned fish with bones is ________
a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
e. Chlorine
f. Magnesium
a. Calcium
Mineral associated with bone, ATP and nucleic acids is ________
a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
e. Chlorine
f. Magnesium
b. Phosphorus
Mineral associated with water distribution, osmosis, nerve/muscle action potentials (generally resides outside cell) confusion, coma, and hypertension is ________
a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
e. Chlorine
f. Magnesium
c. Sodium
Mineral associated with nerve/muscle action potentials (generally resides inside cell), muscle weakness, and cardiac arrest is ________
a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
e. Chlorine
f. Magnesium
d. Potassium
Mineral associated with acid-base balance in blood, H2O balance and can become deficient as a result of excess vomiting is ________
a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
e. Chlorine
f. Magnesium
e. Chlorine
Mineral associated with diabetes, increased blood cholesterol, blood vessel spasms, is found in most plants, and is a necessary cofactor of kinase enzymes is ________
a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
e. Chlorine
f. Magnesium
f. Magnesium
Mineral associated with glucose transport by helping bind insulin to cell is ________
a. Chromium
b. Cobalt
c. Copper
d. Iodine
e. Iron
a. Chromium
Mineral associated with Macrocytic (Pernicious) Anemia and is a constituent of vitamin B12 is ________
a. Chromium
b. Cobalt
c. Copper
d. Iodine
e. Iron
b. Cobalt
Mineral associated with Fleisher rings, Menke’s syndrome, melanin formation, is part of Cytochrome A Oxidase in the ETC and is transported by albumin is ________
a. Chromium
b. Cobalt
c. Copper
d. Iodine
e. Iron
c. Copper
Mineral associated with Cretinism in kids, goiter and Myxedema in adults, is part of thyroxine, and stored as Thyroglobulin in thyroid is ________
a. Chromium
b. Cobalt
c. Copper
d. Iodine
e. Iron
d. Iodine
Mineral associated with Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia, is found in meet, liver, clams, oysters, tofu, and egg yolk is ________
a. Chromium
b. Cobalt
c. Copper
d. Iodine
e. Iron
e. Iron
Mineral associated with heme enzymes (hemoglobin, cytochromes) is ________
a. Iron
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc
e. Fluorine
a. Iron
Mineral is transported as Transferrin and stored as Ferritin is ________
a. Iron
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc
e. Fluorine
a. Iron
Mineral associated with growth, reproduction, ligamentous healing, hemoglobin, forms urea, and is a cofactor for decarboxylase is ________
a. Iron
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc
e. Fluorine
b. Manganese
Mineral is associated with cardiomyopathy (when deficient), hair/nail loss (when too much), is synergistic with Vitamin E, and is a cofactor for Glutathione peroxidase is ________
a. Iron
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc
e. Fluorine
c. Selenium
Mineral is associated with impaired would healing (when deficient), “metal fume fever” (when toxic), is a cofactor for Carbonic Anhydrase, and is found in pumpkin seeds is ________
a. Iron
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc
e. Fluorine
d. Zinc
Mineral is associated with dental caries (when deficient), mottled teeth (when toxic), and increased hardness of teeth is ________
a. Iron
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc
e. Fluorine
e. Fluorine
Match the mineral (cofactor) with its respective enzyme:
Cofactor————————–Enzyme
Copper—————————Carbonic Anhydrase
Manganese———————Glutathione Peroxidase
Selenium————————Cytochrome A Oxidase
Zinc——————————–Decarboxylase
Cofactor————————–Enzyme
Copper—————————Cytochrome A Oxidase
Manganese———————Decarboxylase
Selenium————————Glutathione Peroxidase
Zinc——————————-Carbonic Anhydrase
Which of the following are purines?
a. Adenine + Guanine
b. Adenine + Uracil
c. Cytosine + Guanine
d. Uracil + Thymine
a. Adenine + Guanine
[Periodic table symbol for silver is Ag…so: “the silver (AG) is Pur”]
Which of the following are pyrimidines?
a. Uracil
b. Thymine
c. Cytosine
d. Guanine
e. a + b + c
f. c + d
e. a + b + c
[remember “CUT the Pyrimid”)
What makes up a nucleotide?
a. Phosphate
b. Sugar
c. Nitrogenous Base
d. All the above
d. All the above
________ is a nucleotide with the phosphate removed?
a. Phosphate
b. Sugar
c. Nitrogenous Base
d. Nucleoside
d. Nucleoside
Nucleotides within one strand of DNA are joined by a ________ bond
Phosphodiester
Base pairs between complimentary strands of DNA are joined by a ________ bond
Hydrogen
Enzyme which unwinds DNA strands
a. DNA Dehydrogenase
b. Topoisomerase
c. DNA Polymerase
b. Topoisomerase
Enzyme which makes new DNA from the parent DNA
a. DNA Dehydrogenase
b. Topoisomerase
c. DNA Polymerase
c. DNA Polymerase
________ holds the information to determine amino acid sequence order
a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
c. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
________ is the main component of the ribosomal unit which moves along mRNA
a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
c. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
________ “jumps on and off” the rRNA, carrying the amino acids with it
a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
c. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
c. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Which is a start codon?
a. UGA
b. AUG
c. UAA
d. UAG
b. AUG
Which is a start codon?
a. UGA
b. UAA
c. UAG
d. AUG
e. a + b + c
f. b + d only
e. a + b + c
NAD+ is converted to NADH between what steps of the Kreb’s Cycle?
a. Isocitrate –> alpha-ketoglutarate
b. alpha-ketoglutarate –> Succinyl CoA
c. Malate –> Oxaloacetate
d. All the above
e. None of the above
d. All the above
[recall, there are 3 NADH molecules per Acetyl CoA molecule, which is 1 turn of the Kreb Cycle…
So, there are 6 NADH molecules per Glucose molecule]
FADH is converted to FAD between what steps of the Kreb’s Cycle?
a. Citrate –> Cis-Aconitic
b. Succinyl CoA –> Succinate
c. Succinate –> Fumarate
d. Fumarate –> Malate
e. None of the above
c. Succinate –> Fumarate
[recall, there is 1 FAD molecule per Acetyl CoA molecule, or 2 FAD molecules per Glucose molecule]
What vitamin(s) is/are needed for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate (conversion of pyruvate –> Acetyl CoA)?
a. B1
b. B2
c. B3
d. B5
e. a + b
f. c+ d
g. All the above
g. All the above
________ is a byproduct of the conversion of Succinyl CoA –> Succinate in the TCA
GTP
Match the following processes to their respective ATP potential output
Process ATP
Kreb’s Cycle (and ETC) 4
Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shunt 2
Glycolysis 30
Process ATP
Kreb’s Cycle (and ETC) 30
Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shunt 4
Glycolysis 2
Which of the following is not an antioxidant?
a. Vit A
b. Vit C
c. Vit E
d. Vit K
d. Vit K
Which of the following is not an antioxidant?
a. Selenium
b. Iron
c. Zinc
d. Chromium
b. Iron
Which of the following is not an antioxidant?
a. Labyrinthine
b. Lutein
c. Lycopene
d. Zinc
a. Labyrinthine
Which of the following metabolic processes is not stimulated by insulin?
a. Glycolysis
b. Glycogenesis
c. Lipogenesis
d. All the above are stimulated by insulin
d. All the above are stimulated by insulin
Which of the following metabolic processes is not stimulated by epinephrine/norepinephrine?
a. Gluconeogenesis
b. Glycogenolysis
c. Lipolysis
d. Cholesterol Synthesis
e. All the above are stimulated by epinephrine/norepinephrine
d. Cholesterol Synthesis
Match the following metabolic processes with their respective substrate
Metabolic Process————————–Substrate
Glycolysis————————————–Glycogen
Gluconeogenesis—————————Fat
Glycogenesis———————————Lactate, Glycerol
Glycogenolysis——————————Excess Glucose
Lipogenesis———————————–UDP-Glucose
Lipolysis—————————————-Glucose
Metabolic Process————————–Substrate
Glycolysis————————————-Glucose
Gluconeogenesis————————–Lactate, Glycerol
Glycogenesis——————————–UDP-Glucose
Glycogenolysis—————————–Glycogen
Lipogenesis———————————-Excess Glucose
Lipolysis—————————————Fat
Are the following metabolic processes located in the cell cytoplasm or mitochondria?
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
TCA
ETC
Metabolic Process————————–Location
Glycolysis————————————–Cytoplasm
Glycogenesis———————————Cytoplasm
Glycogenolysis——————————Cytoplasm
TCA———————————————-Mitochondria
ETC———————————————-Mitochondria
Match the following rate limiting step with the appropriate metabolic pathway
Rate Limiting Step——————————-Pathway
Isocitrate Dehydrgenase———————-Urea Cycle
Glucose-6-Phos. Dehydrogenase———-Fatty Acid Synth.
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase———————–Beta Oxidation
Carnitine Acyltransferase I——————–HMP shunt
Carbamoyl Phos. Synthetase I—————Kreb’s Cycle
Rate Limiting Step——————————-Pathway
Isocitrate Dehydrgenase———————-Kreb’s Cycle
Glucose-6-Phos. Dehydrogenase———-HMP shunt
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase———————–Fatty Acid Synth.
Carnitine Acyltransferase I——————–Beta Oxidation
Carbamoyl Phos. Synthetase I—————Urea Cycle
________ are generally made up of functional proteins
Enzymes
An enzyme + cofactor are called ________
Holoenzyme
An ________ is an enzyme without a cofactor
Apoenzyme
________, a cholesterol-based molecule, regulate the rate of synthesis, for a given enzyme, at the DNA-level
Steroids
A ________ is a protein that becomes an active enzyme when parts are removed (an example is pepsinogen to pepsin)
Zymogen
An ________ ________ is an area on the enzyme where a compound may bind and change the rate of activity
Allosteric Site
As a rule ________ stimulate a reaction while ________ inhibit a reaction
a. Steroids/ATP
b. Products/Substrates
c. Substrates/Products
d. Substrates/Reactants
c. Substrates/Products
Reaction ________ is proportional to enzyme concentration
Velocity
________ is reached when all binding sites are “saturated”
Vmax
________ is the concentration of substrate at which an enzyme yields 1/2 Vmax
Km (Michaelis-Menten Constant)
A ________ class enzyme transfers a phoshate
Kinase
A ________ class enzyme moves hydrogen
Oxidoreductase
NAD ________ molecules
a. breaks
b. builds
a. breaks
NADH ________ molecules
a. breaks
b. builds
b. builds
Match the following hormone suffix with where they come from
Suffix——————————-Source
“-ine”——————————-Peptide
“-in”———————————Steroid
“-one”——————————Amino acid derivative
Suffix——————————-Source
“-ine”——————————-Amino acid derivative
“-in”———————————Peptide
“-one”——————————Steroid
________ is formed from the amino acid Tyrosine, stimulates pathways which produce energy and inhibits pathways which store energy
a. Epinephrine
b. Insulin
c. Glucagon
d. Steroids
a. Epinephrine
________ is a peptide hormone secreted by the pancreas (beta cells), stimulates pathways which store energy and inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase
a. Epinephrine
b. Insulin
c. Glucagon
d. Steroids
b. Insulin
________ is a peptide hormone secreted by the pancreas (alpha cells), does not stimulate glycolysis, but stimulates glycogenolysis to release glucose into the blood
a. Epinephrine
b. Insulin
c. Glucagon
d. Steroids
c. Glucagon
________ is a hormone derived from cholesterol, increases synthesis of particular enzymes/proteins, and is produced in the adrenal cortex
a. Epinephrine
b. Insulin
c. Glucagon
d. Steroids
d. Steroids
________ promotes Gluconeogenesis, increase protein breakdown, and increases Beta-Oxidation and Ketogenesis
a. Glucocorticoids
b. Mineralcorticoids
c. Gonadocorticoids
a. Glucocorticoids
________ are important in regulating electrolyte balance, enhancing retention of Na and excretion of K, ammonia, and protons
a. Glucocorticoids
b. Mineralcorticoids
c. Gonadocorticoids
b. Mineralcorticoids
________ are responsible for secondary sexual characteristics (puberty)
a. Glucocorticoids
b. Mineralcorticoids
c. Gonadocorticoids
c. Gonadocorticoids
