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BOARDS > Chemistry - NBS > Flashcards

Chemistry - NBS Flashcards

1
Q

Carbs have _____ kcal/g of potential energy

A

4 kcal/g

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2
Q

The following configuration of asymmetric carbons with OH on the left is ________?

a. Levorotatory
b. Dextrotatory

A

a. Levorotatory

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3
Q

The following configuration of asymmetric carbons with OH on the right is ________?

a. Levorotatory
b. Dextrotatory

A

b. Dextrotatory

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4
Q

Which of the following raises blood glucose levels?

a. Glucagon
b. Epinephrine
c. Glucocorticoids
d. Thyroxine
e. Growth Hormone
f. All the above

A

f. All the above

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5
Q

Which of the following lowers blood glucose levels?

a. Glucagon
b. Norepinephrine
c. Insulin
d. Growth Hormone
e. Insulin + Growth Hormone

A

c. Insulin

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6
Q

________ increases positive charges or loss of negative charges

a. Oxidation
b. Reduction

A

a. Oxidation

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7
Q

________ is the addition of hydrogen or the gain of electrons

a. Oxidation
b. Reduction

A

b. Reduction

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8
Q

Which of the following is a hexose?

a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Ribose
d. a + b
e. a + c

A

d. a + b

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9
Q

Which of the following is a pentose?

a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Ribose
d. a + b
e. a + c

A

c. Ribose

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10
Q

Excess CHO is converted to

a. Glycogen
b. Fatty acids stored as triglycerides
c. a + b
d. None of the above

A

c. a + b

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11
Q

Which of the following belong to the Aldose family?

a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Ribose
d. a + b
e. a + c

A

e. a + c

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12
Q

________ is formed from 2 glucose molecules and is found in starch breakdown

A

Maltose

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13
Q

________ is formed from glucose + fructose and is found in white sugar

A

Sucrose

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14
Q

________ is formed from glucose + galactose and is found in milk

A

Lactose

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15
Q

________ is found in mushrooms and yeast

A

Trehalose

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16
Q

All the following is bonded with an alpha-1 –> 4 bond except:

a. Cellulose
b. Amylose
c. Amylopectin
d. Glycogen

A

a. Cellulose

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17
Q

________ is not a digestible polysaccharide

a. Cellulose
b. Amylose
c. Amylopectin
d. Glycogen

A

a. Cellulose

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18
Q

Only non-carbohydrate type of dietary fiber (from woody part of plant) is ________

A

Lignin

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19
Q

lipids have _____ kcal/g

A

9 kcal/g

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20
Q

CHO are joined through a/an ________ bond?

A

Glycosidic

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21
Q

________ glycosidic bonds are digestible

A

Alpha

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22
Q

________ glycosidic bonds are indigestible

A

Beta

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23
Q

________ bonds are straight chain

A

1–>4

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24
Q

________ bonds are branched

A

1–>6

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25
Q

The bonding between glycerol & fatty acids is a/an ________ bond

A

Ester

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26
Q

Which of the following are essential fatty acids?

a. Linoleic
b. Linolenic
c. Both a + b
d. None of the above

A

c. Both a + b

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27
Q

3 Fatty acids + 1 Glycerol = ________

A

Triacylglycerol

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28
Q

2 Fatty acids + 1 Glycerol + a phosphate derivative = ________

A

Phospholipid

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29
Q

________ is a fatty acid derivative that belongs to the sterols group and requires ATP, Mg & NADPH

A

Cholesterol

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30
Q

How many C=C double bonds are found in saturated fatty acids?

a. 0
b. 1
c. >1

A

a. 0

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31
Q

How many C=C double bonds are found in monounsaturated fatty acids?

a. 0
b. 1
c. >1

A

b. 1

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32
Q

How many C=C double bonds are found in polyunsaturated fatty acids?

a. 0
b. 1
c. >1

A

c. >1

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33
Q

________ is Omega-3 fatty acids?

a. Linoleic
b. Linolenic
c. Arachadonic

A

b. Linolenic

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34
Q

Match the following items to their number of carbons:double bonds
Item———————————–# of carbons:double bonds
Arachidonic—————————————20:5
Linolenic——————————————–18:2
Linoleic———————————————-18:3
EPA—————————————————20:4

A

Item———————————–# of carbons:double bonds
Arachidonic————————————–20:4
Linolenic——————————————-18:3
Linoleic———————————————18:2
EPA————————————————-20:5

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35
Q

If you have a 20 carbon chain lipid, how many acetyl CoA molecules can you make?

a. 1
b. 5
c. 10
d. 20

A

c. 10

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36
Q

________ transports fatty acid chains into the mitochondria

A

Carnitine shuttle

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37
Q

If an odd numbered carbon fatty acid is cut up, the final piece will be a 3 carbon molecule called ________

a. Propionyl CoA
b. Acetyl Coa
c. Polyproionyl CoA
d. Triacetyl CoA

A

a. Propionyl CoA

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38
Q

________ are a by-product of Beta oxidation

A

Ketone bodies

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39
Q

________ is the primary substrate for lipogenesis?

A

Acetyl CoA

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40
Q

Lipogenesis occurs in the ________

a. Cytoplasm
b. Mitochondria
c. Mitochondria inner membrane
d. Interstitial fluid

A

a. Cytoplasm

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41
Q

The most important intermediate in lipogenesis is ________

a. Acetyl CoA
b. Arachidonic Acid
c. Malonyl CoA
d. Prostaglandins

A

c. Malonyl CoA

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42
Q

Lipogenesis requires all the following except:

a. Acetyl CoA,
b. CO2
c. NADPH
d. Low levels of ATP

A

d. Low levels of ATP

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43
Q

Lipogenesis is stimulated by:

a. High levels of ATP
b. Insulin
c. Epinephrine
d. a + b only
e. All the above

A

d. a + b only

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44
Q

Lipids are digested in the:

a. Mouth
b. Stomach
c. Small Intestine
d. a + b
e. a + c
f. b + c

A

e. a + c

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45
Q

PVT. TIM HALL stands for what regarding amino acids?

A 
P = Phenylalanine
V = Valine
T = Tryptophan
T = Threonine
I = Isoleucine
M = Methionine
H = Histidine
A = Arginine
L = Leucine
L = Lysine
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46
Q

These amino acids have an aromatic ring structure

a. Phenylalanine
b. Tryptophan
c. Tyrosine
d. All the above

A

d. All the above

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47
Q

________ are basic amino acids

a. Histidine
b. Arganine
c. Lysine
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

d. All of the above

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48
Q

________ are neutral amino acids

a. Serine, Threonine, Asperagine, Glutamine
b. Methionine, Cysteine
c. Leucine, Lysine
d. Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine

A

a. Serine, Threonine, Asperagine, Glutamine

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49
Q

________ are sulfur-containing amino acids

a. Serine, Threonine, Asperagine, Glutamine
b. Methionine, Cysteine
c. Leucine, Lysine
d. Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine

A

b. Methionine, Cysteine

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50
Q

________ are branch-chain amino acids

a. Serine, Threonine, Asperagine, Glutamine
b. Methionine, Cysteine
c. Leucine, Lysine
d. Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine

A

d. Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine

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51
Q

________ are NOT glucogenic amino acids

a. Glutamate, Aspartate
b. Methionine, Cysteine
c. Leucine, Lysine
d. Alanine, Valine

A

c. Leucine, Lysine

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52
Q

________ are acidic amino acids

a. Glutamate, Aspartate
b. Methionine, Cysteine
c. Leucine, Lysine
d. Alanine, Valine

A

a. Glutamate, Aspartate

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53
Q 
List the following from least hydrophilic to most hydrophilic
Alanine
Leucine
Glycine
Isoleucine
Valine
A 
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
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54
Q

Proteins are digested in the ________

a. Mouth
b. Stomach
c. Small Intestine
d. a + b
e. b + c

A

e. b + c

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55
Q

Match the following substance with their amino acid precursor
Substance——————————Amino Acid Prec.
Serotonin——————————Glycine/Arginine
GABA—————————————-Histidine
Histamine——————————–Tryptophan
Creatine———————————–Glutamate

A

Substance——————————Amino Acid Prec.
Serotonin———————————-Tryptophan
GABA—————————————-Glutamate
Histamine————————————Histidine
Creatine———————————-Glycine/Arginine

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56
Q

During amino acid metabolism, ________ carbon skeletons form Pyruvate or Oxaloacetate

a. Glucogenic
b. Ketogenic
c. Protogenic

A

a. Glucogenic

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57
Q

During amino acid metabolism, ________ carbon skeletons form Acetyl CoA or Acetoacety CoA

a. Glucogenic
b. Ketogenic
c. Protogenic

A

b. Ketogenic

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58
Q

During amino acid metabolism, removed ________ is carried to the ________ cycle by a ________ molecule

a. Acetyl CoA, Cori Cycle, Glutamate
b. NADPH, Urea Cycle, Glycine
c. Ammonia, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Carnitine Shuttle
d. Acetate, Cori Cycle, Malate
e. Ammonia, Urea Cycle, Glutamate

A

e. Ammonia, Urea Cycle, Glutamate

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59
Q

Ammonia + Lactate –> ________

A

Alanine

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60
Q

Purines + Pyrimidines can receive Nitrogen donated from ________, ________, and ________

a. Glutamine, Leucine, Aspartate
b. Glutamine, Aspartate, Asparagine
c. Valine, Asparagine, Isoleucine
d. Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine

A

b. Glutamine, Aspartate, Asparagine

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61
Q

Muscle is able to oxidize which (6) amino acids

a. Glutamate, Methionine, Leucine, Valine, Isoleucine and Cysteine
b. Methionine, Leucine, Valine, Histidine, Aspartate & Tyrosine
c. Tyrosine, Asparagine, Isoleucine, Histidine, Threonine & Arginine
d. Leucine, Aspartate, Asparagine, Glutamate, Valine & Isoleucine

A

d. Leucine, Aspartate, Asparagine, Glutamate, Valine and Isoleucine

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62
Q

This enzyme requires ATP and Mg in the Urea Cycle

a. Alpha-Keto-Glutimate Dehydrogenase
b. Hexokinase
c. HMG-CoA Reductase
d. Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase

A

d. Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase

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63
Q

The energy in proteins and peptides is ________ kcal/g

A

4 kcal/g

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64
Q

The energy in alcohol is ________ kcal/g

A

7 kcal/g

65
Q

The bond between amino acids is a/an ________ bond

A

Peptide

66
Q

The number and sequence of amino acids; determines protein structure is the definition for which protein structure?

a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary

A

a. Primary

67
Q

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet (aka beta bend) is the definition for which protein structure?

a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary

A

b. Secondary

68
Q

Maximally folded for function is the definition for which protein structure?

a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary

A

c. Tertiary

69
Q

More than one chain (example: hemoglobin) is the definition for which protein structure?

a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary

A

d. Quaternary

70
Q

Vitamin associated with Beri Beri, weakness, edema, tachycardia, Wernicke’s is ________

a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)

A

a. B1 (Thiamine)

71
Q

Vitamin associated with magenta tongue, pallor, cheilosis, angular stomatitis, blurred vision is ________

a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)

A

b. B2 (Riboflavin)

72
Q

Vitamin associated with FAD, FADH2, FMN and FMNH2 is ________

a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)

A

b. B2

73
Q

Vitamin associated with NAD+, NADH, NADP, NADPH is ________

a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)

A

c. B3

74
Q

Vitamin associated with Pellagra is ________

a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)

A

c. B3 (Niacin)

75
Q

Vitamin associated with burning feet, malaise, abdominal pain, and is found in beef and chicken liver & sunflower seeds is ________

a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)

A

d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)

76
Q

Vitamin associated with Coenzyme A is ________

a. B1 (Thiamine)
b. B2 (Riboflavin)
c. B3 (Niacin)
d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)

A

d. B5 (Pantothenic acid)

77
Q

Vitamin associated with convulsions in infants, dermatitis, loss of myelin and can be toxic is ________

a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B6 (Pyridoxine)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

A

a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)

78
Q

Vitamin associated with prevention of neural tube defects, is taken during pregnancy, and is found in chicken liver, spinach and lentils is ________

a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B6 (Pyridoxine)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

A

c. B9 (Folic Acid)

79
Q

Vitamin whose active form is Tetra-hydro folate (H4F) is ________

a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B6 (Pyridoxine)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

A

c. B9 (Folic Acid)

80
Q

Vitamin associated with macrocytic anemia (pernicious megaloblastic) and Combined Systems Disease is ________

a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B6 (Pyridoxine)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

A

d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

81
Q

Vitamin that needs intrinsic factor to be absorbed and is not found in plants is ________

a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B6 (Pyridoxine)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

A

d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

82
Q

Vitamin that is known as extrinsic factor is ________

a. B5 (Pantothenic acid)
b. B6 (Pyridoxine)
c. B9 (Folic Acid)
d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

A

d. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

83
Q

Vitamin associated with carboxylation, glossitis/dermatitis, is neede to make fats and carbs, and is found in cauliflower, peanuts and cheese is ________

a. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
b. Biotin
c. C (Ascorbic Acid)
d. Bioflavonoids

A

b. Biotin

84
Q

Vitamin deficient in vegans without supplementation is ________

a. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
b. Biotin
c. C (Ascorbic Acid)
d. Bioflavonoids

A

a. B12

85
Q

Vitamin associated with collagen, scurvy and bleeding gums, is found in citrus fruit is ________

a. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
b. Biotin
c. C (Ascorbic Acid)
d. Bioflavonoids

A

c. C

86
Q

Vitamin associated with reduced vitamin C and the white part of fruit is ________

a. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
b. Biotin
c. C (Ascorbic Acid)
d. Bioflavonoids

A

d. Bioflavonoids

87
Q

Vitamin associated with night blindness, dry cornea and ulcerations, and skin sores, and is found in Bee and chicken liver, carrots, sweet potato, and cantaloupe is ________

a. A (Retinol)
b. D (Cholecalciferol)
c. E (Tocopherol)
d. K (Quinone)

A

a. A (Retinol)

88
Q

Vitamin associated with the sun, calcium absorption Rickets in kids, Osteomalacia in adults is ________

a. A (Retinol)
b. D (Cholecalciferol)
c. E (Tocopherol)
d. K (Quinone)

A

b. D (Cholecalciferol)

89
Q

Vitamin associated with hemolytic anemia (possibly), muscular dystrophy, sterility, cardiovascular problems and is antioxidant when combined with selenium is ________

a. A (Retinol)
b. D (Cholecalciferol)
c. E (Tocopherol)
d. K (Quinone)

A

c. E (Tocopherol)

90
Q

Vitamin associated with clotting disorders (makes prothrombin in liver) and is found in turnips, spinach, cauliflower and cabbage is ________

a. A (Retinol)
b. D (Cholecalciferol)
c. E (Tocopherol)
d. K (Quinone)

A

d. K (Quinone)

91
Q

Match the following water-soluble vitamins with their name
Vitamin————————-Name
B1———————————Riboflavin
B2——————————–Pyridoxine
B3——————————–Pantothenic Acid
B5——————————–Niacin
B6——————————–Ascorbic Acid
B9——————————–Cyanocobalamine
B12——————————-Thiamine
C———————————-Folic Acid

A

Vitamin————————-Name
B1———————————Thiamine
B2——————————–Riboflavin
B3——————————–Niacin
B5——————————–Pantothenic Acid
B6——————————–Pyridoxine
B9——————————–Folic Acid
B12——————————-Cyanocobalamine
C———————————-Ascorbic Acid

92
Q

Match the following fat-soluble vitamins with their name
Vitamin——————————–Name
A—————————————–Ergocalciferol
D—————————————–Tocopherol
E—————————————–Retinol
K—————————————–Cholecalciferol
——————————————-Menadione
——————————————-Quinone

A

Vitamin——————————–Name
A—————————————–Retinol
D—————————————–Cholecalciferol, Ergocalciferol
E—————————————–Tocopherol
K—————————————–Quinone, Menadione

93
Q

Mineral associated with muscle contraction, nerve regulation, renal failure, and is found in milk, green leafy veges, and canned fish with bones is ________

a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
e. Chlorine
f. Magnesium

A

a. Calcium

94
Q

Mineral associated with bone, ATP and nucleic acids is ________

a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
e. Chlorine
f. Magnesium

A

b. Phosphorus

95
Q

Mineral associated with water distribution, osmosis, nerve/muscle action potentials (generally resides outside cell) confusion, coma, and hypertension is ________

a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
e. Chlorine
f. Magnesium

A

c. Sodium

96
Q

Mineral associated with nerve/muscle action potentials (generally resides inside cell), muscle weakness, and cardiac arrest is ________

a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
e. Chlorine
f. Magnesium

A

d. Potassium

97
Q

Mineral associated with acid-base balance in blood, H2O balance and can become deficient as a result of excess vomiting is ________

a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
e. Chlorine
f. Magnesium

A

e. Chlorine

98
Q

Mineral associated with diabetes, increased blood cholesterol, blood vessel spasms, is found in most plants, and is a necessary cofactor of kinase enzymes is ________

a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
e. Chlorine
f. Magnesium

A

f. Magnesium

99
Q

Mineral associated with glucose transport by helping bind insulin to cell is ________

a. Chromium
b. Cobalt
c. Copper
d. Iodine
e. Iron

A

a. Chromium

100
Q

Mineral associated with Macrocytic (Pernicious) Anemia and is a constituent of vitamin B12 is ________

a. Chromium
b. Cobalt
c. Copper
d. Iodine
e. Iron

A

b. Cobalt

101
Q

Mineral associated with Fleisher rings, Menke’s syndrome, melanin formation, is part of Cytochrome A Oxidase in the ETC and is transported by albumin is ________

a. Chromium
b. Cobalt
c. Copper
d. Iodine
e. Iron

A

c. Copper

102
Q

Mineral associated with Cretinism in kids, goiter and Myxedema in adults, is part of thyroxine, and stored as Thyroglobulin in thyroid is ________

a. Chromium
b. Cobalt
c. Copper
d. Iodine
e. Iron

A

d. Iodine

103
Q

Mineral associated with Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia, is found in meet, liver, clams, oysters, tofu, and egg yolk is ________

a. Chromium
b. Cobalt
c. Copper
d. Iodine
e. Iron

A

e. Iron

104
Q

Mineral associated with heme enzymes (hemoglobin, cytochromes) is ________

a. Iron
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc
e. Fluorine

A

a. Iron

105
Q

Mineral is transported as Transferrin and stored as Ferritin is ________

a. Iron
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc
e. Fluorine

A

a. Iron

106
Q

Mineral associated with growth, reproduction, ligamentous healing, hemoglobin, forms urea, and is a cofactor for decarboxylase is ________

a. Iron
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc
e. Fluorine

A

b. Manganese

107
Q

Mineral is associated with cardiomyopathy (when deficient), hair/nail loss (when too much), is synergistic with Vitamin E, and is a cofactor for Glutathione peroxidase is ________

a. Iron
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc
e. Fluorine

A

c. Selenium

108
Q

Mineral is associated with impaired would healing (when deficient), “metal fume fever” (when toxic), is a cofactor for Carbonic Anhydrase, and is found in pumpkin seeds is ________

a. Iron
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc
e. Fluorine

A

d. Zinc

109
Q

Mineral is associated with dental caries (when deficient), mottled teeth (when toxic), and increased hardness of teeth is ________

a. Iron
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc
e. Fluorine

A

e. Fluorine

110
Q

Match the mineral (cofactor) with its respective enzyme:
Cofactor————————–Enzyme
Copper—————————Carbonic Anhydrase
Manganese———————Glutathione Peroxidase
Selenium————————Cytochrome A Oxidase
Zinc——————————–Decarboxylase

A

Cofactor————————–Enzyme
Copper—————————Cytochrome A Oxidase
Manganese———————Decarboxylase
Selenium————————Glutathione Peroxidase
Zinc——————————-Carbonic Anhydrase

111
Q

Which of the following are purines?

a. Adenine + Guanine
b. Adenine + Uracil
c. Cytosine + Guanine
d. Uracil + Thymine

A

a. Adenine + Guanine

[Periodic table symbol for silver is Ag…so: “the silver (AG) is Pur”]

112
Q

Which of the following are pyrimidines?

a. Uracil
b. Thymine
c. Cytosine
d. Guanine
e. a + b + c
f. c + d

A

e. a + b + c

[remember “CUT the Pyrimid”)

113
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

a. Phosphate
b. Sugar
c. Nitrogenous Base
d. All the above

A

d. All the above

114
Q

________ is a nucleotide with the phosphate removed?

a. Phosphate
b. Sugar
c. Nitrogenous Base
d. Nucleoside

A

d. Nucleoside

115
Q

Nucleotides within one strand of DNA are joined by a ________ bond

A

Phosphodiester

116
Q

Base pairs between complimentary strands of DNA are joined by a ________ bond

A

Hydrogen

117
Q

Enzyme which unwinds DNA strands

a. DNA Dehydrogenase
b. Topoisomerase
c. DNA Polymerase

A

b. Topoisomerase

118
Q

Enzyme which makes new DNA from the parent DNA

a. DNA Dehydrogenase
b. Topoisomerase
c. DNA Polymerase

A

c. DNA Polymerase

119
Q

________ holds the information to determine amino acid sequence order

a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
c. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)

120
Q

________ is the main component of the ribosomal unit which moves along mRNA

a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
c. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

121
Q

________ “jumps on and off” the rRNA, carrying the amino acids with it

a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
c. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

c. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

122
Q

Which is a start codon?

a. UGA
b. AUG
c. UAA
d. UAG

A

b. AUG

123
Q

Which is a start codon?

a. UGA
b. UAA
c. UAG
d. AUG
e. a + b + c
f. b + d only

A

e. a + b + c

124
Q

NAD+ is converted to NADH between what steps of the Kreb’s Cycle?

a. Isocitrate –> alpha-ketoglutarate
b. alpha-ketoglutarate –> Succinyl CoA
c. Malate –> Oxaloacetate
d. All the above
e. None of the above

A

d. All the above

[recall, there are 3 NADH molecules per Acetyl CoA molecule, which is 1 turn of the Kreb Cycle…
So, there are 6 NADH molecules per Glucose molecule]

125
Q

FADH is converted to FAD between what steps of the Kreb’s Cycle?

a. Citrate –> Cis-Aconitic
b. Succinyl CoA –> Succinate
c. Succinate –> Fumarate
d. Fumarate –> Malate
e. None of the above

A

c. Succinate –> Fumarate

[recall, there is 1 FAD molecule per Acetyl CoA molecule, or 2 FAD molecules per Glucose molecule]

126
Q

What vitamin(s) is/are needed for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate (conversion of pyruvate –> Acetyl CoA)?

a. B1
b. B2
c. B3
d. B5
e. a + b
f. c+ d
g. All the above

A

g. All the above

127
Q

________ is a byproduct of the conversion of Succinyl CoA –> Succinate in the TCA

A

GTP

128
Q

Match the following processes to their respective ATP potential output
Process ATP
Kreb’s Cycle (and ETC) 4
Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shunt 2
Glycolysis 30

A

Process ATP
Kreb’s Cycle (and ETC) 30
Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shunt 4
Glycolysis 2

129
Q

Which of the following is not an antioxidant?

a. Vit A
b. Vit C
c. Vit E
d. Vit K

A

d. Vit K

130
Q

Which of the following is not an antioxidant?

a. Selenium
b. Iron
c. Zinc
d. Chromium

A

b. Iron

131
Q

Which of the following is not an antioxidant?

a. Labyrinthine
b. Lutein
c. Lycopene
d. Zinc

A

a. Labyrinthine

132
Q

Which of the following metabolic processes is not stimulated by insulin?

a. Glycolysis
b. Glycogenesis
c. Lipogenesis
d. All the above are stimulated by insulin

A

d. All the above are stimulated by insulin

133
Q

Which of the following metabolic processes is not stimulated by epinephrine/norepinephrine?

a. Gluconeogenesis
b. Glycogenolysis
c. Lipolysis
d. Cholesterol Synthesis
e. All the above are stimulated by epinephrine/norepinephrine

A

d. Cholesterol Synthesis

134
Q

Match the following metabolic processes with their respective substrate
Metabolic Process————————–Substrate
Glycolysis————————————–Glycogen
Gluconeogenesis—————————Fat
Glycogenesis———————————Lactate, Glycerol
Glycogenolysis——————————Excess Glucose
Lipogenesis———————————–UDP-Glucose
Lipolysis—————————————-Glucose

A

Metabolic Process————————–Substrate
Glycolysis————————————-Glucose
Gluconeogenesis————————–Lactate, Glycerol
Glycogenesis——————————–UDP-Glucose
Glycogenolysis—————————–Glycogen
Lipogenesis———————————-Excess Glucose
Lipolysis—————————————Fat

135
Q

Are the following metabolic processes located in the cell cytoplasm or mitochondria?
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
TCA
ETC

A

Metabolic Process————————–Location
Glycolysis————————————–Cytoplasm
Glycogenesis———————————Cytoplasm
Glycogenolysis——————————Cytoplasm
TCA———————————————-Mitochondria
ETC———————————————-Mitochondria

136
Q

Match the following rate limiting step with the appropriate metabolic pathway
Rate Limiting Step——————————-Pathway
Isocitrate Dehydrgenase———————-Urea Cycle
Glucose-6-Phos. Dehydrogenase———-Fatty Acid Synth.
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase———————–Beta Oxidation
Carnitine Acyltransferase I——————–HMP shunt
Carbamoyl Phos. Synthetase I—————Kreb’s Cycle

A

Rate Limiting Step——————————-Pathway
Isocitrate Dehydrgenase———————-Kreb’s Cycle
Glucose-6-Phos. Dehydrogenase———-HMP shunt
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase———————–Fatty Acid Synth.
Carnitine Acyltransferase I——————–Beta Oxidation
Carbamoyl Phos. Synthetase I—————Urea Cycle

137
Q

________ are generally made up of functional proteins

A

Enzymes

138
Q

An enzyme + cofactor are called ________

A

Holoenzyme

139
Q

An ________ is an enzyme without a cofactor

A

Apoenzyme

140
Q

________, a cholesterol-based molecule, regulate the rate of synthesis, for a given enzyme, at the DNA-level

A

Steroids

141
Q

A ________ is a protein that becomes an active enzyme when parts are removed (an example is pepsinogen to pepsin)

A

Zymogen

142
Q

An ________ ________ is an area on the enzyme where a compound may bind and change the rate of activity

A

Allosteric Site

143
Q

As a rule ________ stimulate a reaction while ________ inhibit a reaction

a. Steroids/ATP
b. Products/Substrates
c. Substrates/Products
d. Substrates/Reactants

A

c. Substrates/Products

144
Q

Reaction ________ is proportional to enzyme concentration

A

Velocity

145
Q

________ is reached when all binding sites are “saturated”

A

Vmax

146
Q

________ is the concentration of substrate at which an enzyme yields 1/2 Vmax

A

Km (Michaelis-Menten Constant)

147
Q

A ________ class enzyme transfers a phoshate

A

Kinase

148
Q

A ________ class enzyme moves hydrogen

A

Oxidoreductase

149
Q

NAD ________ molecules

a. breaks
b. builds

A

a. breaks

150
Q

NADH ________ molecules

a. breaks
b. builds

A

b. builds

151
Q

Match the following hormone suffix with where they come from
Suffix——————————-Source
“-ine”——————————-Peptide
“-in”———————————Steroid
“-one”——————————Amino acid derivative

A

Suffix——————————-Source
“-ine”——————————-Amino acid derivative
“-in”———————————Peptide
“-one”——————————Steroid

152
Q

________ is formed from the amino acid Tyrosine, stimulates pathways which produce energy and inhibits pathways which store energy

a. Epinephrine
b. Insulin
c. Glucagon
d. Steroids

A

a. Epinephrine

153
Q

________ is a peptide hormone secreted by the pancreas (beta cells), stimulates pathways which store energy and inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase

a. Epinephrine
b. Insulin
c. Glucagon
d. Steroids

A

b. Insulin

154
Q

________ is a peptide hormone secreted by the pancreas (alpha cells), does not stimulate glycolysis, but stimulates glycogenolysis to release glucose into the blood

a. Epinephrine
b. Insulin
c. Glucagon
d. Steroids

A

c. Glucagon

155
Q

________ is a hormone derived from cholesterol, increases synthesis of particular enzymes/proteins, and is produced in the adrenal cortex

a. Epinephrine
b. Insulin
c. Glucagon
d. Steroids

A

d. Steroids

156
Q

________ promotes Gluconeogenesis, increase protein breakdown, and increases Beta-Oxidation and Ketogenesis

a. Glucocorticoids
b. Mineralcorticoids
c. Gonadocorticoids

A

a. Glucocorticoids

157
Q

________ are important in regulating electrolyte balance, enhancing retention of Na and excretion of K, ammonia, and protons

a. Glucocorticoids
b. Mineralcorticoids
c. Gonadocorticoids

A

b. Mineralcorticoids

158
Q

________ are responsible for secondary sexual characteristics (puberty)

a. Glucocorticoids
b. Mineralcorticoids
c. Gonadocorticoids

A

c. Gonadocorticoids

BOARDS (12 decks)

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