Pathology Flashcards
Each follicle is surrounded by which type of epithelium?
Cuboidal
C-cells / parafollicular cells secrete
Calcitonin
Most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Graves’ Disease
What’s the triad of pathology in Graves?
1) Hyperthyroidism with goitre 2) Eye changes 3) Pretibial myxoedema
What disease is this section representative of?
Graves
Most cases of hypothyroidism are due to…
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (goitrous)
Which disease is this image represenative of?
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Adenomas are malignant tumours, true or false?
False
What’s the most common thyroid cancer?
Papillary (75%) followed by follicular (10%)
Adenomas are usually functional in the thyroid, T/F?
False (usually non-functional)
Encapsulated, well circumscribed, circular nodule is suggestive of which neoplasm?
Adenoma (follicular)
Papillary carcinomas usually activate which pathway?
MAP-kinase
Follicular carcinomas activate which pathway?
PIRE/AET
Papillary carcinoma is most likely to metastasise via which route?
Lymphatics
Follicular carcinoma is most likely to spread via which route?
Haematogenous
What’s the 10-year survival rate for papillary carcinoma (treated)?
95%
Which type of thyroid cancer may secrete calcitonin?
Medullary
Anaplastic thyroid tumours are usually benign, T/F?
False - very aggressive and poorly differentiated
Thyroid cancer has a strong association with smoking, FH and diet. True or false?
False - no association with these, only associated with radiation exposure
Clinical indicators of malignancy in thyroid nodules include (4)
1) Male sex
2) New nodule at <20 years old OR >50 years old
3) Nodule increasing in size
4) Vocal cord palsy
In thyroid cancer, radio-iodine is the treatment of choice, T/F?
False - surgery is the treatment of choice
At Ninewells, which system is used to stratify the risk of recurrence for thyroid cancers?
AMES
When is radio-iodine ablation used in thyroid cancer?
If there are active remnants
Thyroid remnant ablation is associated with developing which cancer?
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Whole-body iodine scanning for those who have undergone total thyroidectomy is usually given how many months post-op?
3-6 months
T4 should be stopped how long before iodine scanning? What about T3?
T4 - 4 weeks prior
T3 - 2 weeks prior
What’s the recurrence rate for thyroid cancer?
30%
